SIXTH CENSUS OF THE COLONY OF QUEENSLAND,

TAKEN ON THE

THIRD OF APRIL, 1881.

PRESENTED TO BOTH HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT BY COMMAND OF HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR.

BRISBANE:

BY AUTHORITY : JAMES C. BEAL, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET.

1882.

CENSUS OF QUEENSLAND, 1881. REPORT BY THE REGISTRAR-GENERAL,

WITH

SUMMARY AND DETAILED TABLES, ILLUSTRATIVE MAPS

AND

APPENDICES.

SIXTH ENUMERATION OF POPULATION MADE ON THE 3RD OF APRIL, 1881.

BRISBANE:

BY AUTHORITY : JAMES C. BEAL, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, WILLIAM STREET.

1882.

ERRATA.

REPORT:—

Paragraph 22, footnote.—Read "West" not "East" Moreton.

Paragraph 112.—" Persons to the square mile in the Northern Division, 1876,"read" .09,"not" 0.9."

Paragraph 121.—" Average persons,"read" per dwelling,"not" per cent."

Paragraph 337.—" Proportion of persons objecting to state their religion,"read" 7.7 per thousand,"not" 77."

REPORT BY THE REGISTRAR-GENERAL.

TO THE HONOURABLE THE COLONIAL SECRETARY.

SIR,

I have now the honour of presenting the final results of the sixth Queensland Census, which was taken on the night of the third of April, 1881, as provided in "The Quinquennial Census Act of1875" and the Amended Act entitled " The Census Act of 1880." [Sixth Queensland Census.]

2.

The Amended Act was passed in accordance with a request contained in a circular from the Secretary of State of the 27th of April, 1880, " that an endeavour" should be made to obtain an enumeration of the people throughout the Colonies " simultaneously with that in this country" (the United Kingdom), appointing the night of the third of April for the enumeration, instead of that of the first of May as provided in "The Queensland Quinquennial Census Act of1875." [Amended Act.]

3.

In the second section of the Amended Act power is given to make such alterations in the householders' schedule, called schedule A, as may be necessary to assimilate the form of the said schedule to that of the householders' schedule to be adopted for the Census of the United Kingdom, but as there is really no difference except that the Imperial Census Act does not provide for ascertaining the religions of the people, or for showing their educational condition, and it was considered necessary to show religions and education, as heretofore, in Queensland, and as shown in the other Australian Colonies, our householders' schedules, in all essential particulars, are the same as those provided in "The Census Act of1875." [Alterations.]

4.

It appears by the preliminary Report published by the Census Committee that the Census of 1881 was only the ninth decennial enumeration that had been made in the United Kingdom. The Report states that " at no period earlier than the commencement of the present century was it possible to form any trustworthy estimate as to the number of persons inhabiting this country." [Imperial Census.]

5.

The first proposal to ascertain the number of the population by systematic enumeration made in 1753 was strongly opposed. The Bill was thrown out in the House of Lords. " Nearly half a century passed before the proposal was renewed ; " but the Population Bill was brought in by Mr. Abbott, Member for Helston, on " 20th November, 1800, and passed through all its stages without opposition. The " enumeration was made on 10th of March in the following year, and has been repeated " ever since without omission, in the first year of each successive decennium. The " recent census was therefore the ninth enumeration of the inhabitants of this " country."

6.

In the other Australian Colonies the census is taken only once in ten years, as in Great Britain, but for several important reasons it has been deemed necessary to make these enumerations in Queensland every five years. In the last Census Report it was suggested that as the correctness of our estimates of population from year to year had been generally borne out by the successive enumerations, a census taken once in ten years might be found sufficient, and that by this a saving of about a thousand pounds a year might be effected, and a ten years' census would probably be found sufficient for all practical purposes. It now appears evident, however, that we can no longer rely upon our yearly estimates, arrived at by adding, first, two and a-half per cent. to the numbers contained in our census schedules, and then by excess of births over deaths and arrivals over departures by sea ; because there is an increasing interchange across the border, and it seems pretty certain there has been a considerable loss to us in this way during the last ten years. [Quinquennial in Queensland.]

7.

In the Census enumeration of 1876, the numbers contained in the house-holders' schedules, with two and a-half per cent. added, fell short to the number of 9,758

on the basis of the estimated number at the beginning of the year. It was considered possible that we had failed in getting the true population on the Palmer and Hodgkinson gold-fields, but as this appeared unlikely, the figures as found in the schedules were taken as the true basis of our yearly estimates, and it was concluded that the loss of the 9,758 resulted from a balance against the colony in the overland interchange. One or two circumstances having occurred in the interval of the census enumerations tending to an opposite conclusion,

8.

A very large proportion of persons coming and going across the border consists, doubtless, of unmarried men, or men unaccompanied by their wives, and the diminution in the proportion of males is thus easily accounted for.

9.

It must be borne in mind that there is a large balance in favor of Queensland in the intercolonial immigration and emigration by sea. Excepting only the year 1869, the balance has always been considerably in our favor, as will be seen by the subjoined figures taken from Table F of the Report on the Queensland Annual Vital Statistics of 1880. [Intercolonial immigration and emigration.]

10.

The excess of immigration over emigration by sea has been as follows :—

It will be evident from these figures that the gain by sea in ten years from 1871 to 1880 inclusive, that is, excess of immigration over emigration, amounted to 80,809 persons during the decennium, which shows an average of 8,081 of arrivals over departures in each year ; or, if the loss overland, estimated at an average of 2,000 annually, be deducted, there would be a net average balance of 6,081 persons arriving over the number of those leaving the colony in each year. [Balance in favour of Queensland.]

11.

As was intimated in the Preliminary Report, the actual enumeration of the population in each census is in the hands of the local officers, who are generally the police magistrates, and their collectors.

12.

A system is adopted in this Department which provides every kind of safeguard in the way of careful instructions to the managing officers and their subordinates. In the last enumeration each blank householder's schedule bore a registered number, the collectors being accountable for each of these documents issued to them ; and they are always minutely instructed how to proceed in their work ; but beyond these precautions the Registrar-General's Office cannot fairly be held responsible, having only to deal with the material furnished by the local officers. In this respect correctness is secured, the tabulation being conducted on a system which checks itself and almost precludes the possibility of error. This system has been more fully perfected in the census work [System for securing a correct census.]

of 1881, on the method adopted in Victoria by the Government Statist, Mr. Hayter, to whom we are indebted for some valuable suggestions given to the Deputy Registrar, Mr. Blakeney, who prepared all our tables on the Victorian model.

13.

Great care had been taken in 1876 to determine the boundaries of the census or population districts : in forming the subdivisions the natural features of the country, such as rivers, ranges, and watersheds, or main roads, railways, or telegraph lines, were generally made use of, and it was thought that these subdivisions might for the future be permanently maintained, at least in their outside lines, and that the divisions of the country into electorates or otherwise would be made to coincide with them, so as to secure a correct basis for estimating the numbers in every place for public purposes. [Boundaries of census districts in 1876.]

14.

When the electoral districts were formed in 1878 it was not found practicable, however, in harmonising the interests of several of the localities, to adhere to the census subdivisional lines ; and these were further almost unavoidably departed from in the boundaries finally fixed upon under "The Divisional Boards Act of1880." [Subdivisions.]

15.

Before the enumeration of 1881 it was thought necessary again to readjust all our population districts, making the subdivisional lines coincide with the outside boundaries under "The Divisional Boards Act, " and this involved the necessity of re-casting all our registry districts, to make them again to coincide with the census districts throughout the colony. [New districts.]

16.

An index to the names of the districts alphabetically arranged will be found at page LXV. of Appendices of this Report. [Index to districts.]

17.

The effect of the several alterations as above described, was to cause over-lappings of the new districts upon the old ones, and in order to make a comparison in all the census subdivisions with the population as found in the two enumerations of 1876 and 1881, the overlappings were carefully mapped, and the enumerators were required to keep a separate account of the numbers contained in the small portions of subdivisions thus created, which are called sub-subdivisions, as shown in many of the comparative tables in this Report. [Overlapping of old districts.]

18.

It will be readily seen that this system added greatly to the labor of the census work, but that without it no fair comparison of the numbers of 1876 and 1881 could possibly have been made in many of the districts of the colony.

19.

The overlappings of the old census districts upon the new ones are exactly shown in Appendix B, page LXIX. of this Report.

20.

The country having been mapped out as above described, the next preliminary step was the appointment of officers to superintend the enumeration in each of the fifty-two census districts into which the colony was divided.

21.

An index to the names of the districts and the names of enumerators will be seen at page LXV. in Appendix A. [Index to names of Enumerators.]

22.

The rule was generally observed of entrusting the work of the management of the census in the various districts to those gentlemen who had acted in the previous census enumerations. Most of these having been invited to act, signified their willingness to do so ; other Government officers or gentlemen competent for the work in their several localities were nominated and approved ; and theGovernment Gazetteof the 25th of February, 1881, contained the proclamation appointing these officers, one to each of the census districts, the boundaries of which are there in described. [Appointment of officers.]

23.

A reprint of the proclamation will be found in Appendix C, page LXXVII. of this Report. [Proclamation.]

24.

In accordance with the provisions of "The Quinquennial Census Act of1875," the subordinate officers who distribute and collect householders' schedules were nominated by the enumerators, and their appointment being approved by the Governor in Council, they were then required to subscribe the declaration, as prescribed by statute. Collectors were thus appointed, whose names, together with a description of their subdivisions, will be found at pages LXVI. to LXVIII. of Appendix A. [Collectors.]

25.

The instructions to enumerators and collectors were very carefully revised by me, with the help of the experience acquired in the former enumeration of 1876. The directions given to the more responsible officers were in many particulars minute and stringent, so as to secure correctness and uniformity, but leaving something to the discretion of the enumerators in the details of the work. The instructions to collectors were also added to and improved in accordance with the provisions of the statute ; and special directions were given to avoid, as far as practicable, the possibility of the omission of any persons who might be traveling or camping out on the night of the third of April. [Instructions.]

26.

The authorised instructions to enumerators and collectors were also published in theGovernment Gazetteof the 25th of February, 1881, following the schedule of the enumerators and their districts. These instructions are shown at pages CX. to CXIII, Appendix E to this Report.

27.

As it had been found that the diaries kept by collectors in former enumerations were frequently quite inadequate for the intended purpose, a specific form was on this occasion prescribed, providing for all such information as was deemed necessary for checking the collectors' work. With few exceptions these were kept in accordance with the plan I had laid down in a skeleton form supplied to the collectors ; and thus the enumerators were furnished with an effectual means of judging of the manner in which the details of the enumeration had been carried out by the collectors. The diaries have proved most valuable as a guide to the amount of work done, and a saving of some hundreds of pounds has thus been effected in the cost of the enumeration ; all the vouchers of the collectors having been tried by a minute examination of the diaries in this office. [Diaries.]

28.

Some dissatisfaction was expressed by collectors whose charges were taxed, from the evidence of their own diaries, but a careful examination of these supplied the means of ascertaining what under ordinary circumstances was a fair average of work, and a standard measure of miles traveled or the number of schedules distributed and collected was laid down, by which all the work was tested, due allowance being made for wet weather, flooded and difficult country, or other hindrances encountered. All the collectors have thus been treated alike, and every effort has been made to do justice to all concerned, while saving unnecessary expense to the country. [Collectors' charges.]

29.

The work of the collectors was no doubt well done in most instances, and many of the diaries prove how much perseverance, courage, and energy was practiced by these officers in the difficult task which many of them had to perform, especially in some of the outside districts of the colony. [Work of collection well performed.]

30.

The remuneration of the enumerators, subject to the approval of their work, was, as heretofore, a fee of four guineas, and, in addition, five shillings per hundred, or fraction of a hundred persons enumerated up to one thousand ; three shillings per hundred, or fraction of a hundred, over one thousand and not exceeding five thousand ; and two shillings per hundred or fraction of a hundred persons enumerated over five thousand. [Enumeration of enumerators.]

31.

The collectors in the more settled districts finding their own horses were paid fifteen shillings a-day, and men on foot ten shillings a-day ; but it was necessary to provide specially for higher rates in the outside districts, and it was therefore provided in the instructions,—" Each enumerator will have a discretionary power of agreeing for higher rates of pay where absolutely necessary ; but before doing so, unless prevented by distance, will apply to the Registrar-General for authority." In many instances it proved necessary for the enumerators to apply for permission to augment very considerably these rates of payment, and in the far distant places as much as two pounds a-day was paid for horsemen, and considerable difficulty was experienced by some of the enumerators in getting persons even at these rates to undertake the collection. In two or three instances it was found best to accept offers to perform the duties for a fixed sum which was agreed upon for the work. In all cases the payment was subject to the [Of Collectors.] approval by the Registrar-General of the work performed. [Of Collectors.]

32.

The cost of collecting the last census, though a little less in proportion to the augmented population, was more than in the previous enumeration. [Cost of collection.]

33.

The total amount expended in paying the enumerators and collectors was £7,790 10s. 2d.

34.

The average cost of the remuneration of enumerators and collectors in 1881 has been a fraction over 8¾d. per head of the whole population of the colony, as against an average of nearly 9½d. in the census enumeration of 1876. [Average cost.]

35.

In the district of Burke the cost of collection averaged about 8s. 7d. per head of the population of that district ; while the cost in the Brisbane district averaged only about 2d. per head of persons in the district.

36.

The whole cost of taking the census in 1881, exclusive of printing in the Government Office, including one or two small sums yet to be paid, amounted to £10,984

37.

The more elaborate system of tabulation, as already shown, accounts for this slight increase per head of the total cost, but a very much larger amount of useful information has been thus secured. All proper economy has been exercised in the prosecution of the work.

38.

The forms used for supplying the particulars of information sought for in the Census, and as provided in the householders' schedules of the "Quinquennial Census Act," were issued from this office for the more distant places in the early part of the month of November, 1880. The remainder were subsequently dispatched to the enumerators, and all reached their destination safely, and in time for distribution. The whole number of householders' schedules thus furnished to the enumerators was 73,662. A considerable number were returned unused, a full supply having been sent, especially to the more distant places, to avoid a deficiency which it might have been impossible to remedy. [Issue of householders' schedules.]

39.

The Census of 1881 was taken, as provided by the "Queensland Amended Act," on the night of the 3rd of April.

40.

The gathering up of the schedules commenced on the morning of the 4th the persons returned being such as had been present on the previous night, and the collection was carried on with all possible despatch. In a country with a widely scattered population this is all that can be accomplished towards a simultaneous collection, which in old and thickly settled communities may be actually realised, all the schedules being gathered up on the morning after the night appointed for entering the names on the forms.

41.

The Preliminary Report of the Census Committee of England and Wales and of the United Kingdom speaks of the census of the 4th of April, 1881 ; and we find the enumeration spoken of as in this sense completed in one day, as shown by the following quotation from the Report :— [Imperial Census.]

" The difficulty of taking an account of the population within the limits of a " single day, a limitation which is a distinctive feature in the method of enumeration " adopted in this country, becomes greater and greater at each recurring decennial " period, owing to the rapid growth of the people and the increasing complexity " of their local subdivisions. We are, however, pleased to be able to report that " the recent enumeration was carried out with complete success."

42.

Three months were occupied in ascertaining the numbers in the census taken on the night of the 3rd April, 1881, in the United Kingdom, and before the Preliminary Report could be published. The work of tabulation, we are informed, will take nearly three years to complete, when the final report will be framed. About one hundred and twenty clerks are said to be daily employed in the elaboration of the returns before all the tables for popular use can be completed in the Imperial census. [Numbers.] [Tabulation.]

43.

The population of the United Kingdom, as found on the night of the 3rd of April, 1881, including the Army and Navy and the Channel Islands, was 35,246,562. The number of females over males was 738,668. In the census of 1871 the population was 31,845,379. The increase in the ten years has therefore been 3,401,183. This is a daily average addition of 931 persons, or nearly a thousand a day. The British are thus of necessity an emigrating people. [Population of United Kingdom.]

44.

The population of England and Wales was found to be 25,968,286, being an increase of 3,256,020 since 1871. The number of females over that of males was 718,778, or 105.7 females to 100 males. It appears that the proportion of females has been increasing since the year 1851, as found in each census enumeration from that period. [England and Wales.]

45.

The population of England alone in 1881 was ascertained to be 24,608,391, showing an increase of 3,313,260 since the census of 1871. [England.]

46.

The population of Scotland in 1881 numbered 3,734,370, exhibiting an increase of 374,352. The number of persons in Scotland is nearly one hundred thousand less than the number of persons living in London, or, to be exact, there are 80,201 more persons living in the city of London than in the whole of Scotland. [Scotland.]

47.

The population of Ireland in 1881 was found to be 5,159,839. This is a decrease of 252,538 since the census enumeration of 1871. [Ireland.]

48.

In the Isle of Man and in the Channel Islands there has also been a decrease, amounting together to between three and four thousand, as shown in 1881 and the number returned in the former census.

49.

The whole population is seen as follows :— [Total.]

50.

The population of London in 1881 was found to have amounted to 3,814,571. There are nearly a quarter of a million more of women than men in the great Metropolis of England, or, rather, of females than males, the preponderance of the former being two hundred and twenty-six thousand three hundred and fifty-nine. [London.]

51.

On the 17th May the population of Brisbane, city, and suburbs, as found by the Census, was issued for publication, and appeared first on the following morning in theCouriernewspaper. At the end of the month of May there were yet four districts from which no census returns had been received, Burke, Diamentina, Palmer, and Peak Downs, the collection in these distant places having been impeded by rain and the flooded state of the country. The general results of the census enumeration were made known on the second of July, when the figures were sent to the Press by order of the Honorable the Colonial Secretary ; they were, however, then imperfect for want of the return from one of the subdivisions of the Palmer district ; this was finally received on the 28th July, 116 days having elapsed since the filling up of the schedules on the night of the 3rd of April. In 1876 the last return, that from the Burke, was not received until the 14th of August, the enumeration having been made on the 4th of May. [Population of Brisbane.] [Last return received.]

52.

The Preliminary Statement of the Census has generally shown merely the rough figures, as found in " collective returns " made by the enumerators of the various districts in the colony ; but a new and much improved system of compilation in the use of tables, framed on the Victorian system, having been adopted, the rough figures having been already given to the Press, the Preliminary Statement was held back until the tabulation of all the schedules and the complete classification under the several heads of information required, were finished in preparation for the compilation of the tables of this Report. [Preliminary Statement.]

53.

The work of ascertaining the population in the electoral districts within the census districts was a laborious process, in consequence of the changes that had been made in the boundaries of electoral districts in 1878, and in the census districts, to make these coincide in their subdivisions with the outside boundaries under the "Divisional Boards Act." The population of each electorate had to be found by ascertaining the number contained in all the subdivisions and sub-subdivisions,

54.

The Preliminary Statement showed the exact numbers as contained in all the schedules of the Census of 1881. It was dated the 9th of September, and forwarded in its complete form from this office on the 20th of that month, for presentation to Parliament. [Exact numbers published.]

55.

The tabulation of the Census was performed by a staff of clerks who were paid in the first process of tabulating at the rate of three shillings for every one hundred names posted from the schedules, and subsequently at the rate of ten shillings a day in the after stages of the work. Several of those who proved most expert and reliable were employed as examiners after the ordinary business hours, under the immediate direction of the Deputy Registrar-General, Mr. Blakeney. All who were thus employed were paid at the rate of three shillings an hour for night-work. The assistance of the night-staff in checking the ordinary business of each day proved valuable, and hastened the completion of the voluminous tables of this Report. [Tabulation.] [Night-staff.]

56.

Much credit is due to Mr. Blakeney for the ability and zeal with which he managed the details of the census work in addition to the business of the General Registry Office, which has been kept up in the ordinary way during this period of heavy additional labor. [Mr. Blakeney.]

57.

We are indebted to the Government of Victoria for the gratuitous supply of a number of copies of Regulations and Instructions for compiling the census, of which the Government Statist, Mr. H. H. Hayter, is the author. Annexed to these was an alphabetical index of occupations, with the order, sub-order, or number within sub-order in which each occupation is divided. [Government of Victoria.]

58.

The system of classification appears to be very nearly the same as that which is in use in the United Kingdom. It is too elaborate to be carried out in all its minute details in Queensland, but the plan of orders and sub-orders therein laid down has been adhered to, and some of the re-subdivisions have also been adopted. The same system was used in Queensland in 1867, but many of the minuter re-sub-divisions were therein omitted.

59.

Mr. Hayter's regulations and instructions have been taken as the basis of instructions for our own census staff, though many modifications have been made. A copy of these instructions will be found in the Appendix, letter G, page CXIV. of this Report, and may serve to show the carefulness of the system adopted to secure accuracy in the completion of the work. [Mr. Hayter.]

60.

The particulars contained in each householder's schedule, as provided in the Census Acts, are the names and surnames of each person, their relationship to the head of the household, the sex, separate or conjugal condition, age, rank, profession, or occupation, birthplace, religion, degree of primary education, and the description of dwelling occupied. [Householder's schedule.]

61.

Each extracting sheet into which the schedules are posted, contains the names of fifty persons under the heads of census districts, subdivisions and sub-subdivisions ; the divisions under the "Divisional Boards Act" and their sub-divisions ; the municipalities and wards, towns, villages or localities. [Extracting sheets.]

62.

Each of the fifty lines in the sheet contains the name, residence, and sex of the person, and the registered number of the householder's schedule in which it appears, and, following these, all the information under the general heads of social condition, age, occupation, education, birthplace, religion, health, and description of habitation. These are shown as follows :— [Information contained in schedules.]

• Ages

  • Under five years.

  • Five years and under ten.

  • Ten years and under fifteen.

  • Fifteen years and under twenty-one.

  • Twenty-one years and under forty.

  • Forty years and under sixty.

  • Sixty years and under eighty.

  • Eighty years and upwards.

  • Unspecified, &c.

Each year shown under these general heads.

• Civil and Conjugal Condition

  • Married.

  • Unmarried.

  • Widowed.

  • Unspecified.

• Occupations

  • Class One—Professional—

    • Order I.—Government and Defence, Sub-orders I. to III.

      • Sub-Order I. Government and Defence re-subdividied, numbers 2-8.

      • Sub-Order III. Defence, re-subdivided 1-6.

    • Order II.—Learned Professions, Literature, Arts, and Science

  • Class Two—Domestic—

    • Order III.—Domestic Offices, Sub-order I to III.

      • Sub-Order III. Scholars, re-subdived 1-4.

    • Order IV.—Personal Offices, Sub-order I. to II.

  • Class Three—Commercial—

    • Order V.—Purchase or Sale of Goods, Sub-orders I. to II.

    • Order VI.—Conveyance of Goods, &c., Sub-Orders I. to V.

  • Class Four—Agricultural—

    • Order VII.—Land and Animals, Sub-orders I to IV.

      • Sub-order I. Agricultural, re-sub-divided 1-8.

      • Sub-order II. Pastoral, re-subdivided 1-7.

  • Class Five—Industrial—

    • Order VIII.—Working and Dealing in Art and Mechanical Productions, Sub-orders I. to XV.

    • Order IX.—Working and Dealing in Textile Fabrics, Sub-orders I. to III.

    • Order X.—Working and Dealing in Food and Drinks, Sub-orders I. to III.

    • Order XI.—Working and Dealing in Animal and Vegetable Substances, Sub-orders I. to II.

    • Order XII.—Working and Dealing in Minerals, Sub-orders I. to VI.

      • Sub-order 1 Mining, re-subdivided 1-8.

  • Class six—Indefinite and Non-productive—

    • Order XIII.—Labor, not defined, Sub-orders I. to II.

    • Order XIV.—Persons of Property and Rank.

    • Order XV.—Public Burden, Sub-orders I. to II.

63.

Summaries were made from the extracting sheets, as above described, showing the numbers of both sexes in each subdivision of districts under the various classes, orders, sub-orders, and re-subdivisions ; separate tables were then used for the classification under each general head of social condition, age, occupation, education, birthplace, religion, health, and description of habitation ; and, finally, tables were framed putting the whole into the form necessary for publication in this Report. [Summaries.]

64.

A method was adopted in the construction and use of the tables for classification which checked itself by a system of cross-reading, precluding as nearly as could be the possibility of error. [To prevent errors in tabulation.]

65.

In the census enumerations in Queensland it has been the custom to allow two and a-half per cent. for non-collection ; this being always first added to the numbers returned in the householders' schedules, and on this basis the estimates of population, as shown in our Vital Statistics from year to year, have been framed. To have been consistent with this practice it would have been well to have made the addition at once, in our census tables, but as this has never been done, it appears necessary, for the purpose of comparison in the census reports, still to take the bare figures found in the schedules. [Practice of adding 2½ per cent to census figures.]

66.

Now that it has been found during the last and the previous enumerations that the numbers have fallen in each census considerably below our estimates, and as those estimates had been swelled by the addition first of the 2½ per cent. on the census schedule numbers, it appears evident that so large an addition is unnecessary.

67.

Doubtless a greater experience in the work of collection, and the larger facilities now existing for its prosecution in the safer and more settled condition of the country, bring the census returns near to the actual number of the whole

population of the colony ; especially as there is an unknown quantity of loss by emigration across the border. As, however, there must of necessity be some loss, it is now intended to add 1½ per cent. for non-collection to the actual numbers found in the census householders' schedules before framing our estimates from year to year on excess of births over deaths and on arrivals over departures. [Addition of 1frac12 per cent.]

68.

The total population of Queensland, exclusive of the aborigines, by the Census of 1881 was found to be 213,525, consisting of 125,325 males and 88,200 females. This is seen in Table No. 1., page III., of this Report. [Population as enumerated in 1881.]

69.

No attempt has yet been made to ascertain the number of the native tribes inhabiting this portion of Australia, difficulties which appeared insuperable having hitherto barred any attempt to count them. Perhaps but little practical benefit would result from ascertaining in any year the number of these unfortunates, who seem destined to die out before advancing settlement ; though, if only as a means of delaying for a little time the extinction of the race, or as a question of mere humanity, it seems desirable to know in what proportions they are melting away before the onward march of civilization. [Aborigines.]

70.

In Victoria the number of aborigines was recently returned at 780, but the Government Statist has kindly informed me that the sub-enumerators have probably failed to get the whole number of aborigines, and that according to the last estimate of the Victorian Central Board for the protection of the aborigines in that colony, dated March, 1877, the number in the colony was then 1,067, viz., 633 males and 434 females. Perhaps the mean between these two, say 900, may be taken as the present aboriginal population of Victoria. In Queensland the number of aborigines will no doubt be many more, even in proportion to the extent of the territory of the two colonies. The area of Queensland, being nearly eight times as great as that of Victoria, the same proportion would be 7,200 for the whole of Queensland ; but this is very far below the general estimate of the number of native blacks now living in the colony. In the northern parts of the colony they are comparatively numerous, and some persons resident in the Cook and Palmer districts have supposed there may be as many as 70,000 aborigines in Queensland. This, however, is a very crude estimate, and may be far wide of the truth.

71.

The increase of population in Queensland, as found by the enumeration of 1881 over the numbers as returned in the Census of 1876, is seen as follows :— [Increase of population in Queensland.]

72.

The increase is seen to have been 40,242 in the period, of five years, since the previous census was taken. [Rate of increase.]

73.

The rate of increase in the quinquennium ending April 3rd, 1881, has been 23.22 per cent. over the population enumerated in the Census of 1876, as against 44.28 per cent., which was the rate of increase shown in the five years ending May 1st, 1876.

74.

The proportion of females to males is larger than it was in the previous Census of 1876, and larger than was estimated from our registers of births and deaths and the Customs returns of arrivals and departures. This is, no doubt, the consequence of the considerable emigration overland of single men or men unaccompanied by their wives already referred to.

75.

The proportion of the sexes in 1876 was found to be 65.01 females to a hundred males. In 1881 the proportion of females had increased to 70.38 to one hundred males. [Proportion of females to 100 males.]

76.

The Vital Statistics for 1880 show that in the estimated population to the 31st December the proportion of females was supposed to be 68.44 to every 100 males, reckoned not on the mean but on the whole population to the end of that year. [Females to Males in census districts.]

Table XIX A. of this Report shows the number of females to each 100 males in all the population districts of Queensland as found in the census enumeration of 1881. It will be seen that in the Warwick district there were 107.86 females to 100 males ; in the Brisbane district, 103.38 ; Rockhampton, 102.87 ; Oxley, 94.41 ; Moreton West, 89.21 ; Fassifern, 87.61 ; Caboolture, 84.82 ; Ipswich, 99.89 ; Bowen, 82.13 ; Drayton and Toowoomba, 100.28 ; and in twelve other districts from 70 to 75 per cent. of females to males, but that in many districts the disproportion is large, the males being greatly in excess of females. In the Marathon district the proportion of females is only 18.93 to 100 males ; Burke, 17.22 ; Etheridge, 11.56 ; Somerset, 7.51 ; Palmer, 1.85.

77.

Table XII. shows the percentage of males and females to persons, or the proportion of males and females to each 100 persons, in each census district. In the Warwick district the proportion of males is 48.11, and that of females 51.89 to each 100 persons ; in the Brisbane registry district the proportions are males 49.17, females 50.83 ; Rockhampton, males 49.29, females 50.71 ; in Drayton and Toowoomba, males 49.93, females 50.07. [Percentage of Males and Females to Persons.]

78.

In some of the more remote, recently settled, and gold-finding districts the disproportion, as might be expected, is very great. The district of Woothakata shows 81.57 males to 18.43 females in every 100 persons ; Aramac, males 82.00, females 18.00 ; Marathon, males 84.09, females 15.91 ; Etheridge, males 89.64, females 10.36 ; Somerset, males 93.02, females 6.98 ; Palmer, males 98.19, females 1.81. The disproportion between the sexes exists only in the adult population, and obtains chiefly in the gold-mining and pastoral districts of the colony.

79.

Table II. of this Report shows the number of Chinese and Polynesians in the population, and by sexes. It will be seen that the number of Chinese is 11,229, of whom 11,206 are males and only 23 females ; this is an increase of 817 during the five years since the last census enumeration, the number of Chinese being then 10,412, consisting of 10,399 males and 13 females. [Number of Chinese and Polynesians.]

80.

The Polynesians in 1881 number 6,348, of whom 5,975 are males and 373 females. This shows an increase of 1,240 since the last enumeration, when there were 5,108 Islanders in the colony, of whom 4,938 were males and 170 females. [Increase.]

81.

Table III. shows the number of " dwellings " inhabited by the population. The term dwelling is defined by the "Quinquennial Census Act" as being " any " house, building, booth, tent, hut, or erection, in or under which any person " usually sleeps ; and every ship or vessel in any port or harbour of the colony." Under this somewhat wide definition it is seen that there were 45, 116 inhabited, and 1,788 uninhabited dwellings in the enumeration of 1881. This is an increase during the five years of 8,562 inhabited, and 926 uninhabited places of abode. [Dwellings.]

82.

Table IV. shows the number of dwellings, occupied and unoccupied, and the number of inhabitants, males and females, in the six enumerations that have been made from April 7th, 1861, to April 3rd, 1881. The figures in column headed " dwellings-in-building," in Tables III. and IV., are of no value, as no provision is made for ascertaining the number of houses in the course of construction, either in the householders' schedules or in the instructions to enumerators.

83.

Table V. shows the numerical and centesimal increase of population in the several enumerations, and the average number of inhabitants to dwellings at each census. The average number of persons to inhabited houses in 1881 is seen to have been 4.73. This proportion shows but little variation since the first enumeration in 1861. [Average of inhabitants to dwellings.]

84.

The numerical and centesimal increase of population by sexes at each census enumeration are shown in Tables VI. and VII. The latter table also shows the total rate of increase from 1861 to 1881, and the proportion of females to each 100 males in each census period. [Increase by sexes.]

85.

In Table VIII. the totals of population of census districts are arranged in groups, so as to show how the present population districts have been formed since the first enumeration in 1861. Eleven of the present districts now containing 20,205 persons, as shown in the first two groups, did not then exist, that is, the large area they embrace was then uninhabited, save by the scattered and wandering aborigines of the country. [Totals of population in groups.]

86.

The third group, now containing 58,370 souls, and embracing nearly the whole of six of the more populous districts in the colony, formed in 161 only one census district, called Brisbane, numbering only 4,128 persons.

87.

The remaining groups show in the same way the process of expansion, in each of the six census enumerations, and how the first sixteen census districts have increased to their present number, and settlement has extended itself, although still thinly scattered, over the general surface of the colony. [Groups of population districts-expansion.]

88.

In Table IX. is seen the increase in the groups as arranged in Table VIII., from one enumeration to another. There was a little decrease of males in three of the groups shown in the enumeration of 1871, in what are now called the central and southern divisions of the country, then generally spoken of as the northern and western portions of the colony. The census of 1876 showed a decrease of 89 males in portions of the Burnett, Bundaberg, and Stanley ; and this group, No. 6, shows a decrease of 88 males in the enumeration of 1881. The same census year shows a decrease of 1,092 males in the most northern group of the districts, No. 1, but the increase of females in that group reduced the loss in the total numbers to 346 ; and in the same way, the loss of males in group No. 6, in 1881, was lessened by an increase of females. [Increase and decrease in some groups.]

89.

It will be seen by the table that the proportion of females has very considerably increased, in some of the districts, in the two last census enumerations. In 1876, in group No. 1, there were 1,053 females ; in 1881 the number had increased to 1,799. In group 2, in the same year, the increase was from 286 to 1,216 ; in group 8, from 7,849 to 10,519. [Increase of females in some districts.]

90.

In Table X. the centesimal rates of increase of males, of females, and of both sexes together are shown in each enumeration over the census preceding it. [Centesimal rates of increase.]

91.

The census districts, arranged in groups geographically, are seen in Table XI. This arrangement of the districts follows the territorial division of the country, and will probably prove valuable in connection with any apportionment on that basis for public purposes. It will be observed that the groups do not tally exactly with that adopted in the Census Report of 1876, as shown in Table No. 24, that grouping having been arranged before the territorial divisions had been determined, but the numbers for each district as returned in both enumerations as given in Table XI., afford a perfect means of comparison, showing increase and decrease. This will be further noticed, under the head of distribution, in this Report. [Census districts in groups geographically arranged.]

92.

Population in census districts is shown in Table XII. The number of persons in each of the fifty-two districts into which the colony is divided is here shown, persons, males, and females, together with the percentage of males and females to persons in each district. [Population in each census district.]

93.

Chinese and Polynesians are of course included in the totals of population, but the number of these in each of the census districts, as well as of prisoners, lunatics, and inmates of charitable institutions, males and females, is shown in Table XIII. The distribution of these will be referred to in its proper place. [Chinese and Polynesians, prisoners, lunatics, &c.]

94.

Table XIV. shows the number of minors and adults, males and females, in each census district. It will be seen that the total of adult males in the whole population is 71,985. This number includes Chinese, Polynesians, prisoners, and others having no votes for the election of representatives in Parliament. [Minors and adults.]

95.

Table XV. exhibits the numbers, by sexes, of Chinese, Polynesians, prisoners, lunatics, and inmates of charitable institutions, as shown in the two enumerations of 1876 and 1881. [Number of Chinese and Polynesians, by sexes.]

96.

The increase of 817 Chinese and 1,240 Polynesians has been already remarked upon.

97.

The number of prisoners is given as 403 ; but, by an error in posting the householders' schedules, 11 prisoners in the Maranoa District have been included in the general population, the number of prisoners is therefore 414. This is in the proportion of 1.94 per thousand of the population of Queensland, a small proportion as compared to the number of criminals per head of population in many other parts of the British Empire. [Prisoners.]

98.

The number of lunatics returned in 1881 were 563, an increase of 206 during the quinquennium since the last census enumeration. The number thus returned is in the proportion of 2.64 to one thousand of the population, as against 2.06 in the previous census enumeration in the colony. [Lunatics.]

99.

Table XVI. shows the population, males and females, in electoral districts, and the number of minors and adults in the whole male population in each of those divisions ; also, the number of Chinese, Polynesians, prisoners, lunatics, and inmates of Dunwich Benevolent Institution, males and females, with minors and adults ; also the number of adult males, exclusive of adult male Chinese, Polynesians, prisoners, &c., in the colony, and in each of the electoral districts. [Population in each electoral district, minors, adults, males and females.]

100.

It will be seen that the females among the Chinese number only 23 persons. The Polynesian females number 373, or 5.88 per cent. of the whole number of Islanders in Queensland. In former census enumerations, though the ages of Chinese and Polynesians had been taken out from the schedules and shown among the remainder of the population, it had not been thought necessary to extract these separately, so that there was nothing in the published tables to show what proportions of them were minors and adults. The process of tabulation of the census returns of 1881 has been more minute, so that the distinction between minors and adults is shown among Chinese and Polynesians, as contained in this table. Of 11,206 male Chinese, 364 were minors ; of 5,975 male Polynesians, 1,654 were minors. [Female Chinese and Polynesians.] [Minors and adults among Chinese and Ploynesians.]

101.

The total number of adult males in the colony is 71,985. This is in the proportion of 33.71 per cent. of the whole population, and of 57.44 per cent. of the whole male population. The number of adult males, exclusive of those among Chinese, Polynesians, prisoners, lunatics, and inmates of Dunwich Benevolent Institution, was 56,056, or 28.78 per cent. of the population of the colony, exclusive of the above-named persons. [Total number of adults.]

102.

The electoral districts, as fixed by the Act of 1878, 42 Victoria No. 1, are 42 in number ; and the population of these districts as formed from census districts, or portions of census districts, is seen in Table XVII. of this Report. The table shows how the electorates are formed, or what portions of census districts are contained in each electoral district. Thus, the electoral district of Aubigny has within it, portions of the census districts of Darling Downs North, Darling Downs Central, and of Drayton and Toowoomba Districts. Of the first, Darling Downs North, this district contains the whole subdivision 1, and what is called sub-subdivision 1 of subdivision 1, and sub-subdivision 2 of subdivision 1 ; the remainder of the component census parts of the electorates being given in the same way, with the number of persons in each part, males and females, and, finally the gross number of persons in each electorate, males and females. The names of the electorates in the table do not follow the order of the list given in the Electoral Act, but for convenience of reference are arranged alphabetically. [Electoral districts.]

103.

Table XVIII.

104.

The population by sexes is shown in each division under "The Divisional Boards Act," in Table XIX. The names of these divisions, as it will be apparent, do not correspond with those of the census districts, nor do the divisions in many cases correspond with the districts, though the subdivisions of census districts are made to correspond with the outside boundaries of the divisions under the Act. The structure of these divisions in connection with that of the census districts is seen in this table. The first division, named Antigua, is identical with No. 3 subdivision of the census district of Maryborough ; the next, Aramac, corresponds exactly with the whole census district of Aramac ; the third, Banana, is the same as the division called Leichhardt ; the fourth, Baramba, is formed of subdivisions 1, 2, and 3 of the census district of Burnett. [Population by sexes, " Divisional Boards Act."]

105.

To the population in the divisions under the Act must be added that of municipalities and shires ; also that contained in the shipping and islands in Moreton Bay, included in the census district of East Moreton, subdivisions 5 and 6 ; also in subdivision 8 of the Cook District, comprising the islands of the coast contained within that district. These will be found added at the foot of the table, making up the whole to the population as found in the schedules for the entire colony. A note at the foot of the table shows several alterations that have been made in the divisions since the census enumeration took place. These changes were not made in this Department, and it is to be regretted that the principle above referred to, of making outside boundaries correspond with all subdivisional lines, was not adhered to in effecting the changes. This, possibly, is an oversight which may be yet corrected. [Municipalities and Shires.] [Shipping and Islands.]

DISTRIBUTION.

106.

In a country embracing an area of six hundred and sixty-nine thousand five hundred and twenty square miles, the estimated area of Queensland, which is nearly twelve times as large as England and Wales, with a population of less than two hundred and twenty thousand persons, population must be very thinly distributed, large areas of the country being altogether uninhabited, or occupied only by the pioneers of civilization with their flocks and herds. [Sparseness of population.]

107.

The density of the population in England and Wales is shown by the census of 1881 to be equal to an average of 440 persons to each square mile. In London there were 32,326 persons living to each square mile of the area of the great Metropolis, or about 50 persons to an acre of land. [Density in England and Wales.]

108.

Taking the whole area of Queensland, much of which is yet unoccupied, it is found that there is about one person to three square miles of territory, the proportion of persons to each square mile being 0.32. A map showing the outlines of the whole Colony of Queensland and of the separate population districts and sub-districts is added to the other maps furnished in this Report, in which the density and sparseness of settlement are indicated by the shading, so as to convey at once an idea of the manner in which settlement has hitherto progressed in the colony. [Map showing settlement.]

109.

The number of persons living, males and females, in each census district is seen in Table XX. of this Report. The table also shows the area of each district in square miles, and the number of inhabited dwellings, and of such as are unoccupied. [Area of districts.]

110.

Table XXI. shows the number of habitations occupied and unoccupied, exclusive of shipping, in each census district as at present existing, and as these districts were formed in 1876. For the purpose of this comparison certain districts of the census of 1881 are bracketed together opposite to those of the previous enumeration of 1876, showing how the districts of 1881 have been formed ; thus, the first bracketed group of the five districts of 1876 form the four complete districts of Palmer, Woothakata, Etheridge, Burke, and a part of the district of Cook of 1881. The whole number of dwellings in each of the three great divisions of the colony, Northern, Central, and Southern, are given side by side for 1876 and 1881. The total number of inhabited dwellings, exclusive of shipping, in 1881, was found to be 44,988. The number in 1876 was 36,415. The unoccupied dwellings in 1881 appear to have been a little more than double the number as returned for 1876, or 1,788 in the last census of 1881, as against 862 in the census of 1876. For the reason before stated, no weight can be attached to the number of buildings as in course of erection. [Number of dwellings in census districts, 1876 and 1881.] [Occupied.]

111.

Table XXII. shows the number of persons to the square mile in each census district in Queensland, exclusive of shipping ; this table being also arranged like Table XXI. to compare the results of the two enumerations of 1876 and 1881, both as to the districts and the territorial divisions of the colony. [Persons to square mile in districts.]

112.

It will be seen that the proportion of persons to the square mile in the Northern Division of 1876 was 0.9, the persons to the square mile in 1881 being 0.11. In the Central Division the proportion had increased from 0.12 to 0.15, and in the Southern Division the increase was from 0.67 to 0.79. What constituted the metropolitan census and registry district of Brisbane in 1876 embraced the greater [By territorial divisions.]

part of Brisbane and Oxley districts in 1881, and within this area the number of persons to the square mile is seen to be 3,276.95. In 1876 the proportion to the square mile was 3,030.86. The density of population in the district of Brisbane is now seen to be a little over a tenth of that existing in London. In that which constituted the district of East Moreton in 1876 the proportion of persons to the square mile in 1881 was 16.62, as against 11.60 in the previous enumeration. The census district of Rockhampton, of 1881, shows the proportion 318.10 persons to the square mile. This district now consists only of the municipality of Rockhampton ; the proportion of persons to the square mile in 1876 within the same area was 277.1. [Density Brisbane.]

113.

The other most important districts have, most of them, been so altered by the arrangements before referred to that no comparison of density of population, as shown in the census enumerations of 1876 and 1881, can be made generally intelligible.

114.

The habitations of all descriptions, in which the people were domiciled in each of the census districts in Queensland on the night of the 3rd of April are seen in Table XXIII. This also shows a comparison in these particulars between the two census enumerations of 1876 and 1881. [Habitations of all descriptions.]

115.

It appears that the number of inhabited dwellings on the night of the Census of 1881, exclusive of ships and omitting tents and other temporary abiding places, was 38,571 ; and that the number at the previous enumeration in 1876 was 30,681. The increase in the number of permanent inhabited dwellings in the five years was therefore 7,890, the proportion of increase being 25.72 per cent. [Increase in occupied houses.]

116.

Building in wood seems to be increasingly in favor in Queensland, the increase in the number of buildings consisting very largely of houses constructed of timber. Metal houses, chiefly of corrugated iron, have increased in number, in five years from 155 to 664. There were found to be 120 more tents occupied as sleeping places on the night of the 3rd of April, 1881, than in the former enumeration of 1876. The abundance of excellent hardwood found in Queensland accounts chiefly for its extensive use in house-building in the colony, and in many respects it is no doubt best suited for dwellings in a country like this, where the heat is great during the summer months. The use of wood in house-building gives scope for taste and for variety of construction ; and many habitations in and around the principal towns in the colony every year show that it is by no means necessary to adhere to the old ugly patterns of wooden architecture which too frequently disfigured our streets in the early days. Many of these are fast disappearing, and are replaced by commodious and pretty houses, some of which, in the principal towns and suburbs, have some pretensions to elegance. [Architecture.]

117.

In the country districts a great portion of the dwellings have walls of strong slabs of hardwood standing vertically on squared beams, or slipped horizontally into the upright timbers, and are generally covered with shingles or bark. These have no pretensions to beauty, but are generally strong, cool, and healthful. The ironbark shingles make a neat-roof, when well laid on, almost water-tight, and many a country house thus constructed, the great chimney being also formed of slabs or logs of wood, is made to look home-like and even pretty.

118.

In the agricultural districts an increasing number of the farm-houses are neatly built of sawn timber and painted. The dwellings of the wealthier classes in the pastoral districts are often large and commodious, and in a few instances are fine and even handsome structures. [Houses in country districts.]

119.

In Table XXIV. the number of inhabited dwellings to the square mile is seen in each district, and in groups of districts, to show the increased or decreased proportion in the two enumerations of 1876 and 1881. The average number of persons to inhabited dwellings, exclusive of shipping, is shown in Table XXV. in groups, and by comparison of the two last census enumerations. [Occupied dwellings to square mile.]

120.

The occupied habitations, exclusive of ships, as seen in Table XXI., number 44,988. These habitations include houses of all descriptions, also tents, drays, or any other kind of temporary abode, occupied on the night of the 3rd of April.

121.

The average number of persons to inhabited dwellings on shore, in the whole of Queensland in 1881, is seen to have been in the proportion of 4.71 per cent. In the enumeration of 1876 the proportion was 4.72 per cent. [Average of persons to dwellings.]

122.

Table XXVI. gives the number of ships and vessels in Queensland waters on the night of 3rd of April, 1881, including dredges, lightships, and Government craft ; the places where such vessels were lying, the number of persons on board, officers and crew, passengers, males and females. [Shipping.]

123.

The total number of vessels was 127, or 4 less than were afloat within the colony on the 1st of May, 1876. The total number of persons on board was 1,689, which is 422 more than were found in vessels in 1876. Though the number of ships in 1881 was less than in the previous enumeration, there were 422 more passengers on board, the number of these being 678, as against 256 in the previous census. It is a curious coincidence that the officers and crew, numbering 1,011, were the same in 1876 and in 1881. [Persons on board.]

124.

The population of the gold-fields in Queensland is seen in Table XXVII. The district in which each of the gold-fields is situated is shown also in the table ; and the persons employed are divided into Whites, Chinese, and Polynesians, males and females. The details of this information are given as to the mining localities, and the totals of each census district. [Gold-fields.]

125.

The total number of persons living on the gold-fields, including the population of a few proclaimed townships the population of which could not in some instances

126.

The colored population of the gold-fields numbered 7,287, of whom 7,276 were Chinese, including only 4 women. The remaining 11 were Polynesians, all males.

127.

The proportion of persons engaged in various ways on gold-fields, males and females, as above shown, is at the rate of 11.15 per cent. of the total population. In 1876 the proportion was about the same, or nearly 12 per cent. of the population then existing in the colony.

128.

The returns in previous census enumerations do not show the occupations of Chinese and Polynesians separately, and therefore no comparison can here be made between the number of colored persons employed in the gold-mines, in the two census periods.

129.

The number of persons employed in mining generally will be seen under the head of occupations.

130.

The population of towns and township reserves, exclusive of municipalities, is shown in a summary Table, No. XXVIII., comparing the numbers in the Census of 1881 with those enumerated in 1876. The details of the population in sexes, in towns, exclusive of municipalities, is seen in Table XXIX. The places are alphabetically arranged, and the census districts, in which they are scheduled, are shown in the table. [Population of Towns.]

131.

Several places in the list of towns, as given in this table, have never been proclaimed as towns or townships by the Government ; these are as follows :—Beaudesert, Beenleigh, Blacksnake, Charleston, Currigee, Kilkivan, Mount Perry, Thompson's Flat, and Veresdale.

132.

Table XXIX. A shows the population of towns in the same way as in the previous table, but for the convenience of reference these are shown by census districts.

133.

Table XXX. shows the names of reserves that have been proclaimed and surveyed as townships but in which no population is shown in the census schedules.

134.

The population of municipal towns, males and females, minors and adults, is given in Table XXXI. This table also shows the population in the three census enumerations of 1871, 1876, and 1881, with increase or decrease. The population of Brisbane is given by separate wards, with the addition of the shipping on the river. The net increase between 1876 and 1881 was 6,952, that of the previous five years, between 1871 and 1876, having been 15,064. The population of two shires, Middleridge and Toowong, the only two yet existing under the "Divisional Boards Act," is also given in this table. [Population of Municipalities Shires.]

135.

The municipalities include the whole of what may be termed the principal towns in the colony. The total number of persons living in these places in the census enumeration of 1881 was 73,279. It is somewhat difficult fairly to [Town and Country.]

separate " town " from " country," so as to make a proper comparison between rural and urban population. The method adopted in the report of the census enumeration of 1876 included the whole of the gold-fields in the rural population of the colony ; this division being also made to include persons living in townships containing less than one hundred inhabitants, these being chiefly connected with rural avocations.

136.

This classification certainly has the disadvantage of including several towns in the rural division, but as it has been found impossible fairly to separate persons returned in the schedules as living on the " gold-fields" portions from those living in the other parts of such towns, the same method has been adhered to, as on the whole the best, and a comparison is thus shown between the town and rural populations of the census enumerations of 1876 and 1881. The proportion will be shown after separating the numbers now resident in the suburbs of Brisbane, and several other principal places, which though not always within the census and registry districts to which the towns belong, are nevertheless properly suburbs of those places. This arrangement will somewhat alter the proportions between the urban and rural population, as before estimated, but both comparisons may be useful.

137.

The following Table A shows the population of the towns in Queensland containing as many as one hundred inhabitants, exclusive of municipalities, at the three enumerations of 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively, with the increase or decrease in each place during the interval of ten years. [Towns containing as many as 100 inhabitants.]

138.

The total number of persons resident in towns, contained in the above table, is seen to have been 16,847, and this number added to 73,279, living in municipalities, with the addition of the number included in the shipping and the suburban population of the capital of the colony, are taken as the town populations, all the remainder being reckoned as the rural population of the colony.

The figures will be plainly seen as follows :—

139.

The town population as above shown, including 52,636 males and 47,204 females, is in the proportion of 46.76 per cent. of the whole population of the colony.

140.

The rural population, consisting of 72,689 males and 40,996 females, is in proportion of 53.24 per cent. of the total number of inhabitants in Queensland.

141.

A comparison between the two census periods of 1876 and 1881 is seen as follows :—

142.

This comparison shows that during the last five years the proportion of the rural population of the colony has materially increased. Another view of this may be arrived at by taking into account the large and increasing number who are becoming residents in the country places near the towns in which their daily business is transacted, which will presently be shown. [Proportions, Town and Country.]

143.

The population of several of the principal towns has increased during the last five years, but not nearly in so large a proportion as in the previous census period from 1871 to 1876.

144.

The increase within the municipal boundaries is seen in Table XXXI. Brisbane shows 2,356 ; Maryborough, 1,424 ; Rockhampton, 1,030 ; Townsville, 858 ; Roma, 686 ; Mackay, 596 ; Toowoomba, 512 ; Ipswich, 476 ; Warwick, 444. [Increase in Municipalities.]

145.

The rates of increase in these municipalities in the two enumerations of 1876 and 1881 have been as follows :— [Rates of Increase.]

146.

It should be borne in mind that what is called the town is not limited in many cases by the municipal boundary line ; but it is not possible always to say what should be included within the limits of the town, properly so called. The suburbs of the metropolitan city of Brisbane are plainly defined, the whole of the registry district of Brisbane outside the municipality having always been called the suburbs ; but the boundary lines of the district have been altered since the Census of

1876, to make them coincide with the outside boundary lines under "The Divisional Boards Act," and it is now impossible to show a correct comparison between the increase in the suburbs as now constituted and as existing in 1876.

147.

The population of Brisbane and the suburbs, thus ordinarily defined, including the shipping on the river, as ascertained on the night of the 3rd of April, 1881, was 31,109 ; of these 15,296 were males and 15,813 females. [Population of Brisbane and its suburbs.]

148.

The smallness of the increase within the municipality of Brisbane, as compared to that of the previous quinquennium, is perhaps wholly accounted for by the considerable number of persons who have recently gone to reside in the neighbourhood of the town, especially at places on and near the line of the Brisbane and Ipswich Railway, such as Toowong and Oxley. These localities have thus become suburbs of Brisbane. They are not so called, because they are not within the census and registry district of Brisbane, but they are actually suburbs of the city, and the increase in these places must be taken into account in this connection.

149.

These remarks will apply in part to the neighbourhood of some other large towns, such as Rockhampton and Toowoomba, where the immediate surroundings should be reckoned as suburbs, and the population might be considered as belonging to the towns rather than the country. It must be remembered, however, that a considerable proportion of this suburban population consists of persons engaged in agriculture. [In other towns.]

150.

If the whole of the population of these localities were reckoned among the town population, it would alter the division of town and country population, as follows :— [Altered proportions of town and country populations.]

151.

The town population as thus estimated, consisting of 59,113 males and 53,210 females, would be in the proportion of 52.60 per cent. of the whole population of Queensland, and the rural population in this mode of division, consisting of 66,212 males and 34,990 females, would be in the proportion of 47.40 per cent. to the whole number of persons in the colony. The comparison between these proportions in the two last enumerations on the mode of division would then appear as follows :—

152.

It will be seen that even on this system of division the rural population has somewhat increased during the last five years. [Increase of rural population on this basis.]

153.

The first mode of dividing the population appears on the whole the best : the rural portion on this method amounted to 113,685, and, if the gold-fields population numbering 23,801 be deducted from this, there remains 89,884 as country population, exclusive of gold-fields. The division would then appear as follows :— [Population of town, country, and gold-fields.]

154.

The proportions per cent. would then be as follows :—

155.

Tables XXXII. to LXXXIIIA. are a synopsis of the results in each of the census districts of the colony, showing the geographical situation and the area in square miles of each district, then the ages, the social and conjugal condition, the degree of education, the birthplaces, the religion, the habitations, the health, and, finally, the occupations of the people in each of the fifty-two districts of the colony. [Synopitcal tables, separate districts.]

156.

Table LXXXIV. is a synopsis of the results of the Census affecting the Chinese and Polynesians. It will be seen that these have been included in the general synoptical tables of the census districts, giving ages, &c., the number of Chinese and Polynesians being, however, shown as well as the population, exclusive of these at the foot of each district table ; but in this special table all the particulars as to Chinese and Polynesians are shown separately. The distribution of these classes in the colony is a question of some interest and importance, and will be thus made plain to all readers by this table with the assistance of the maps of the districts accompanying this report. [Synopsis, Chinese and Polynesians.]

157.

The total number of Chinese being 11,229, it will be seen that 10,540 of these were unmarried, and only 23 were females. The degree of education of the Chinese is shown in the table, and will be referred to more particularly under the head of education, but their capabilities refer only to their education in English. This follows the rule acted upon in the Colony of Victoria. [Chinese.]

158.

The total number of Polynesians being 6,348, as many as 5,888 were unmarried, and 373 only were females. The above remarks on the education of Chinese apply also to the Polynesians. [Polynesians.]

OCCUPATIONS.

159.

In 1876 occupations were divided into what were termed classes, of which there were twelve ; but in the English system, now much more fully adopted, there are six principal classes and fifteen orders, which latter nearly correspond with what were termed classes in 1876. The six principal classes, as now shown, are as follows :— [Occupations.]

1. Professional. [Classes.]

2. Domestic.

3. Commercial.

4. Agricultural.

5. Industrial.

6. Indefinite and Non-productive.

160.

The orders, as now shown, following the Imperial system, are :— [Orders.]

• Under Class I. Professional—

  • Order I.—Government and Defence.

  • Order II.—Learned Professions.

• Under Class II. Domestic—

  • Order III.—Domestic Offices.

  • Order IV.—Personal Offices.

• Under Class III. Commercial—

  • Order V.—Engaged in Purchase and Sale of Goods.

  • Order VI.—Engaged in Conveyance of Men, Animals, Goods, and Messages.

• Under Class IV. Agricultural—

  • Order VII.—Land and Animals.

• Under Class V. Industrial—

  • Order VIII.—Working and Dealing in Art and Mechanical Productions.

  • Order IX.—Working and Dealing in Textile Fabrics, &c.

  • Order X.—Working and Dealing in Food and Drink.

  • Order XI.—Working and Dealing in Animal and Vegetable Substances.

  • Order XII.—Working and Dealing in Minerals.

• Under Class VI. Indefinite and Non-Productive—

  • Order XIII.—Labor, branch not defined.

  • Order XIV.—Persons of Property or Rank.

  • Order XV.—Public Burden.

To this last is added :—

No Occupation, or Occupation unspecified.

161.

Number LXXXV. is a comparative table, showing the occupations of persons, males and females, at the census enumerations of 1876 and 1881, arranged in classes, orders and sub-orders ; showing also the numerical and centesimal increase or decrease under each, and the proportions per cent. those under each head bear to the total number of persons, males and females, in the colony. [Occupations 1876, 1881.]

162.

This comparison of occupations in the two enumerations has been made with much care, but is necessarily very imperfect, because of the more elaborate classification of occupations now adopted. It will be seen, for instance, in the second line of the first column under the head of increase or decrease, numerical, that there is a decrease shown in the number of clerks, accountants, &c., in class I, order I., Government and Defence, page 146, and this is because a number of others, which in 1876 were classed under this general head, are now placed under their proper sub-ordinal number, and are included among architects, surveyors, draftsmen, &c., or under the head of penal department or otherwise. It will be seen, also, that what is now classed as Sub-order II., Local Government, did not appear in 1876, and the same applies to Sub-order III., Defence, this latter having been included in 1876 under the more general head. Again, it will be observed that the total of Order I. for 1876 is here shown as 2,171 persons, whereas the number appearing under what was called class I. in the corresponding table of 1876 showed 3,104 ; and this is because a number of persons appearing then under the head of Government are now shown under their proper class and order, according to a more perfect system of classification. This is in accordance with the instructions for the use of census compilers, which are as follows :—" In tabulating Officers of General Government care must be taken to " exclude persons in excepted departments." It will be observed that persons working on railways and electric telegraphs are among the exceptions. [More perfect system of classification.]

163.

As the British system of classification now fully adopted, except in its minuter divisions, will no doubt be continued, it will be possible in the next census tables to make a more perfect comparison than can now be shown in this table.

CLASS I., ORDER I.

164. Government and Defence.—

The persons placed under this head according to the Imperial system of classification number 1,426, of whom 1,409 are males and 17 females. This is in the proportion of 0.67 per cent. of the whole population of the colony. [Government and Defence.]

165.

It will be observed, in accordance with preceding remarks, that the year 1881 must not be compared with former years, because of the imperfection of the classification then in use, but now laid aside. It appears unnecessary to show exactly the former mode of numbering those in the Government Service, so as to institute an exact comparison ; but in 1876 it is seen that school teachers, persons working railways and electric telegraphs, and others, were included under

the head of Government, which by the present more scientific method are among the " excepted departments." See Table No. II., Classified List of Occupations, page 168, Order I., Sub-order I. Perhaps the less scientific mode was preferable in this particular, showing as it did more correctly the number of persons actually in the pay of the Government ; but the British system of classification as modified by H. H. Hayter, Esq., the Government Statist of Victoria, now adopted, is strictly adhered to, excepting that it is not followed in some of its minuter ramifications.

166.

It will be seen that nothing is shown under No. 1, Sub-order I., Order I., " Members of Parliament not otherwise described," the Members of Parliament having returned themselves under other designations. [Members of Parliament.]

167.

The principal officers, No. 2, Sub-order I., in the new classification, include some who were not shown under this head in 1876, such as police magistrates, wardens, &c. It will be seen that the number of these officers in 1881 is 100, all males. The number under the old classification in 1876 was 39. [Principal officers.]

168.

The Governor and Cabinet Ministers are now classed separately. Those who are returned as officers of the Army and Navy, formerly also included under this head of Principal Officer of Government, are now classed under Sub-order III., Defence.

169.

It will be seen that clerks, accountants, &c., No. III., under General Government, as now classed, are only 361, as against 808 in 1876, a number of those shown under this head in the former enumeration being now more strictly defined under other designations, including architects, &c., No. IV., and shown under the head of penal department, No. VII., and other Government officers, No. VIII.

170.

The police, No. VI., are returned as numbering 492, all males ; the number returned in 1876 was 601, of whom 592 were males and 9 females, probably searchers. [Police.]

171.

It will be observed that the number of persons shown as Volunteers is only 13, those composing this force having returned themselves, doubtless, under their ordinary occupations. [Volunteers.]

CLASS I., ORDER II.

172. Learned Professions.—

This includes clergymen of all denominations, and church officers, nuns, sisters of charity, and others connected with religion ; law court officers, lawyers, and others connected with law ; physicians, surgeons, dentists, chemists, and others connected with medicine. This class includes also persons engaged in literature and art. [Learned Professions.]

173.

The total number of persons in Order II. is 2,899, consisting of 1,794 males and 1,105 females. This is in proportion of 1.35 per cent. of the population. The whole number of this order in 1876 was 1,854. [Total Order II.]

CLASS II.—DOMESTIC.

174.

ORDER III.Domestic Offices, includes Sub-order I., wives, widows ; and Sub-order II., sons, daughters, relatives, visitors ; and Sub-order, III., scholars ; this last being re-subdivided into scholars at home, at state schools, at private schools, and not defined. In this order are included all wives not returned as following any business or as assisting their husbands, all sons and daughters of fifteen years and upwards, and children at home under fifteen years of age. [Domestic officers.]

175.

The total of Order III., domestic offices, number 111,785, of whom 40,093 are males and 71,692 females : the proportion of persons under Order III. is 52.35 to the entire population of the colony. It will be observed that in this order there is a very large proportion of females.

176.

ORDER IV.Personal Offices.—This is divided into Sub-order 1, board and lodging, and Sub-order 2, attendance ; these together number 10,653 persons, of whom 3,316 are males, and 7,337 females. In this order, also, the females are largely in excess. The number of persons in Order IV. is in the proportion of 4.99 to the population. This order includes persons engaged in ministering to the demands of the public in the supply of food and drink, such as those who keep hotels, eating-houses, board and lodging houses, sometimes with wives assisting, and their attendants, also domestic servants generally, office keepers, cleaners, messengers, &c. [Personal offices.]

CLASS III.—COMMERCIAL.

177.

ORDER V.Persons engaged in the Purchase and Sale of Goods.—This order consists of Sub-order I., mercantile persons, and Sub-order II., general dealers. It includes capitalists, merchants, brokers, commission agents, commercial travelers and clerks, salesmen and saleswomen, shopkeepers undefined and their wives, and general dealers. [Commercial.]

178.

The total number of persons in this order is seen to be 3,836, of whom as many as 3,515 are males, the number of females being only 321. The total number of persons in Order V. is in the proportion of 1.80 per cent. of the population of the colony.

179.

ORDER VI.Persons engaged in the Conveyance of Men, Animals, Goods, and Messages.—Under this order are,—I. Those employed on railways ; II. Carriers on roads ; III. Carriers on seas and rivers ; IV. Engaged in storage ; V. Messengers, porters, &c. [Conveyance of passengers, goods, &c.]

180.

The number of persons engaged in Order VI. is seen to be 6,906, of whom 6,841 were males and 65 females. The proportion per cent. to the whole population of this branch of the commercial class was 3.23 to the entire population. Persons engaged generally in trade are put under the head " Industrial."

CLASS IV.—AGRICULTURAL.

181.

Under the system now adopted, what is called agriculture is classed as Order VII.,Land and Animals,including Sub-order I. agricultural, and Sub-order II. pastoral ; and, again, we have Sub-order III. engaged on land, not cultivating or grazing, and Sub-order IV. engaged about animals. [Agricultural.]

182.

The first, named agricultural, is subdivided into sugar-growers and coffee planters, vignerons, arrowroot-planters, farmers and market gardeners, agricultural laborers, gardeners not domestic-servants, and others connected with agriculture.

183.

The second, named pastoral, is divided into squatters, graziers, station managers, overseers, and superintendents ; station-servants not domestic, and others connected with grazing. [Pastoral.]

184.

In the former census tables, persons connected with pastoral pursuits, and those occupied in the tilling of land, were shown under the two heads separately, but divided simply under each, as employers and employed. The present careful subdivision will prove of greater service, showing the number of persons returning themselves as engaged in the several ways described.

185.

Taking these occupations in the order of the classification which has been adopted, first under the head Sub-order I. agricultural, we have four descriptions of what may be regarded as employers, as follows :—Sugar-growers and coffee-planters, 187 persons, including only 4 females, vignerons 31, all males, arrowroot planters 3,

186.

The whole number thus appearing as employers in Sub-order I. in 1881 is 13,404. The number returned in the Census of 1876 was 10,535 ; a small increase is thus shown in the five years of 2,869.

187.

Of those appearing as persons employed under this head in 1881, there are 7,857 agricultural laborers, of whom 7,550 are males and 307 females ; 629 gardeners, not domestic servants, including only 4 females, and 114 others, all males, connected with agriculture ; making a total of 8,600 persons appearing as servants. The number thus returned in the Census of 1876 was 6,534 ; the increase shown is 2,066 persons. The total under Sub-order I. agricultural, numbered 22,004 persons, of whom 18,631 were males and 3,373 females. This includes only wives returned as assisting their husbands, and sons and daughters over 15 years of age assisting their parents in their occupation, the remainder of these being included under the head of domestic offices, in Order III. [Employed, farmers, laborers, &c.]

188.

It may be here remarked that there has been a departure under this head from the system adopted, under class IV., in the designation of agriculturists under the re-subdivisional numbers 1 to 8 of Sub-order I., agricultural, and in the numbers 1 to 7 of Sub-order II., pastoral, a nomenclature being adopted more suitable for this colony.

189.

In the Victorian system the same numbers are used, but several of the descriptions are different, and in that colony they appear to include all wives living on the farms or stations and sons and daughters, or other relatives over 15 years of age if not otherwise described, and those younger than 15 if returned as assisting on farms or stations. In the Queensland tabulation the principle of the classification in these particulars has been maintained in class IV., pastoral and agricultural occupations.

190.

The proportion in Sub-order I., agricultural, is found to be 10.31 per cent. of the population of the colony. The proportion of the same description of persons in the census enumeration of 1876 was 9.85 per cent. of the total population. [Proportion, agricultural.]

191.

Taking secondly, as arranged under the system, Sub-order II., pastoral, there are two descriptions of what may be termed employers, designated first as squatters and graziers, and secondly as station managers, superintendents, and overseers. [Pastoral.]

192.

The first, who may be called proprietors, numbered 1,468, of whom all but 67 were males ; the second, who may be called managers, numbered 887, all males. The total of employers was 2,355. This is an increase on the number returned under this head in 1876 of 390, the number returned at that period having been 1,965. They were not then divided into proprietors and managers. [Proprietors.]

193.

There are also two descriptions of the " employed " under this sub-order, first, those called station-servants, not domestic, numbering 5,824, only 12 of whom were females ; and the second, others connected with grazing, numbering 154, of whom all but three were males. [Station servants.]

194.

The whole number of persons employed under Sub-order II., pastoral, was 5,978. This is a decrease since the enumeration of 1876 of 2,563, the number of employed persons in pastoral pursuits at that period having been 8,541. The whole number returned under the head pastoral, Sub-order II., including " employers" and " employed," in 1881, was 8,333. This is a total decrease in the five years since May, 1876, of 2,173 persons.

195.

The proportion of Sub-order II., pastoral, is now seen to be 3.90 per cent. of the population of the colony, as against a proportion of 6.06 per cent. five years since, in the census of 1876.

196.

The decrease shown in the numbers engaged in pastoral occupations is confined to persons employed, the employers having increased by 390 persons. The decrease of employed will doubtless be the result of a more perfect system in conducting pastoral occupation, by which labor is saved, and especially by the practice of fencing the " runs " and depasturing stock in paddocks. [Decrease.]

197.

A comparison of the two classes, pastoral and agricultural, in the two census enumerations of 1876 and 1881, will be plainly seen as follows :— [Numbers and proportions.]

198.

In Order I., agricultural, the employers were far in excess of their servants, and were in the proportion of about 13½ to 8½ of employed persons. This is explained by the fact that a great proportion of persons engaged in tilling the land do not employ assistance, but are their own laborers. [Proportion of farmers to laborers.]

199.

The employers in Order II., pastoral, in 1881, were in the proportion of about 2 and one-third to 6 of the employed. [Proportion of pastoral employers to employed.]

200.

Sub-order III., in class IV., comprises persons engaged in land, but not in cultivating or grazing ; and Sub-order IV. includes those engaged about animals, but not apparently in connection with tillage or the depasturing of sheep or cattle. These together number 2,930 persons, of whom 2,823 are males and 107 females. The proportion under this head is 1.37 per cent. of the population. [Engaged about land and animals.]

201.

The whole number of persons comprised in Order VII., which includes those engaged both in depasturing sheep and cattle and in tilling the soil, and in connection with land and animals, not in cultivating or grazing, in 1881, were 33,267, which is in the proportion of 15.58 per cent. to the whole population of the colony. [Numbers and proportions—Order VII.]

CLASS V.—INDUSTRIAL.

202.

This class includes five orders, embracing, among others of less importance, gold-mining and working and dealing in minerals generally. The class is divided as follows :— [Industrial.]

First,working and dealing in art and mechanical productions,Order VIII. Secondly,working and dealing in textile fabrics, &c.,Order IX. Thirdly,working and dealing in food and drinks,Order X. Fourthly,working and dealing in animal and vegetable substances,Order XI. Fifthly,working and dealing in minerals,Order XII.

203.

Art and Mechanical Productions—Order VIII.—This is now divided into fifteen sub-orders, the whole having been shown under one division only in the enumeration of 1876. [Art and mechanical productions, 15 sub-orders.]

204.

The total number engaged in the above occupations in 1881 numbered 6,343, of whom 6,230 were males and 113 females. The total number of persons thus employed in 1876 was 5,419. The proportion of persons under Order VIII., in 1881, is found to have been 2.97 per cent. of the population.

205.

Textile Fabrics—Order IX.—Under this head the subdivisions show, besides textile fabrics, working and dealing in dress and in fibrous materials. The persons employed under this order numbered 4,174, of whom 1,680 were males and 2,494 females. This shows a considerable increase during the five years since the enumeration of 1876, when the total numbers under this head were 2,723. The increase has been 1,451. The proportion of persons employed under Order IX., in 1881, was 1.96 per cent. of the whole population. [Textile fabrics.]

206.

Dealing in Food and Drinks—Order X.mdash;Persons classified under this head are distinguished from those keeping hotels, boarding-houses, &c., who are classed as persons engaged in entertaining, under the term " personal offices," in Order IV. The persons returned as employed under Order X. numbered 3,488, of whom 3,161 were males and 327 females. This is in the proportion of 1.64 per cent. of the population. [Food and drinks.]

207.

Animal and Vegetable Substances—Order XI.mdash;Persons in this order are, first, those working and dealing in animal substances under Sub-order I., and, secondly, those dealing in vegetable substances, in Sub-order II. [Animal and vegetable substances.]

208.

The whole of the above-named of both sub-orders numbered 3,166 persons, of whom 3,153 were males and 13 were females. The proportion of persons in Order XI. was 1.48 per cent. to the whole number of persons in the colony.

209.

Minerals—Order XII.—The subdivisional arrangement under Order XII. is again a modification of the system of classification, adapting it to the mining industry of this colony. Persons employed in this important order are divided as follows :— [Minerals.]

Sub-order I.—Gold, copper, tin, and other metals ; Sub-order II. to VI., Mining or working coal, stone, clay, earthenware, water,

210.

Gold—Sub-Order I., No. 1.—The whole number of persons occupied in gold-mining, alluvial and otherwise, in 1881, numbered 10,168, of whom 4 only were females.

211.

It must be remembered that this number does not include women and children and others living on gold-fields. The population of gold-fields has already been given, numbering 23,801. Most of these are dependent wholly or in part on the gold-mining industry, but the number actually engaged in getting the precious metal in 1881 were, as above shown, 10,168. This is a decrease of 2,373 since the census enumeration of 1876, when the gold-digging population was 12,541.

212.

The yield of gold returned as exported in 1880 was much less than in 1875, the decrease amounting to 163,395 ounces. [Yield of gold exported in 1880.]

213.

The number of persons employed as gold-finders in 1881 was in the proportion of 4.76 per cent. to the entire population of the colony.

214.

Copper—Sub-Order I., No. 5.—Under this head also there are fewer persons employed than in 1876, the numbers in 1881 being 119, as against 396 in the previous census. [Tin.]

215.

Tin—Sub-Order I., No. 6.—The whole number of persons returned as occupied in tin-mining in 1881, was 1,121. This is an increase of 322 over the number returned in 1876, which was 799.

216.

Other Metals.—A few persons, numbering 31, were returned in 1881 under this head, which did not appear in the tabulation of the numbers in the previous enumeration. [Other metals.]

217.

The total number returned in Order XII., minerals, was 15,946, including only 13 females. This is in the proportion of 7.47 per cent. of the population as found in the Census of 1881. [Number and proportion.]

218.

CLASS VI., INDEFINITE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE.—This last class includes three orders as follows :—Labor, persons of property or rank, and public burden.

219.

Laborers, branch not defined, Order XIII.—This is divided into laborers, branch unspecified, Sub-order I., and occupations indefinite, Sub-order II. The whole numbers under these two subdivisions in 1881 is seen to be 5,533, of whom 5,413 were males and 120 females. The number of laborers undefined in 1876 was 5,123, the increase in 1881 being 410. This shows a very small increase as compared to the general increase in the population during the five years, the increase in the number in this sub-order being only in the proportion of 8.00 per cent. [Class indefinite and non-productive.]

220.

The sub-order of laborers, branch unspecified, includes many who are not generally thought of under the term laborers, such as mechanics not otherwise defined, shop-men and women branch undefined, contractors, managers, foremen, and others, the nature of whose employment is otherwise unspecified.

221.

The proportion per cent. of Order XIII. to the whole population in 1881 was 2.59 to the total population of the colony.

222.

Persons of Property and Rank, Order XIV.—The number returned under this head amounts to 116, of whom 85 are males and 31 females. These are not separately shown in the return of 1876. This is in the proportion of 0.05 to the whole population. [Persons of property and rank.]

223.

Public Burden—Persons supported by the community and of no special occupation—Order XV.—Under this general head there are two suborders, persons supported from voluntary sources and from public revenue, Sub-order I. ; and criminals, Sub-order II. [Public Burden.]

224.

Voluntary Sources and Public Revenue, Sub-order I.—Persons under this head include those in the enjoyment of pensions and those dependent on relatives, with others supported from voluntary sources and public revenue ; also [Charitable Institutions.]

inmates of charitable institutions ; and lastly, lunatics. It is seen by Table XVIII. that the inmates of charitable institutions number 1,148, but only a portion of these can in any sense be considered paupers ; those who are thus classed are inmates of Orphanages, the Benevolent Asylums, and the Infant Home, exclusive of the officers. These inmates number 770 persons, of whom 463 were males and 307 females. The proportion of persons in the community thus wholly dependent on charity is in the ratio of 0.36 per cent. to the whole population of the colony, or 36 to every 10,000 persons living. The same table shows that there were 563 persons classed as lunatics, of whom 336 were males and 227 females. This was an increase since 1876 of 206 persons. The proportion of persons of this unfortunate class in 1881 was 0.26 per cent. of the population. In the census enumeration of 1876 the percentage was 0.20, and in the previous census it was only 0.18, so that in ten years the proportion of these cases has considerably increased.

225.

Criminals, Sub-order II.—The number of this description of persons, shown in Tables XV. and XVIII., was 403. The tables of occupations show 112 criminals, but this includes 9 persons returned in the schedules as prostitutes, and who have been shown as criminals, though not included among prisoners. The actual number of prisoners in the colony, as found by the schedules, was the 403 shown in the above-named tables, and 11 others in the Maranoa district, numbering together 414, or 354 males and 60 females. See paragraph 97. The number of persons of this class found by the Census of 1876 was 348. This shows an increase of 66 in the five years since the last enumeration. The proportion of persons of this class to the population in 1881 was found to be a little over 0.19 per cent., or, to be more exact, 19.40 to each ten thousand. The percentage of criminals in 1876 was 0.20 per cent., that in the Census of 1871 was 0.22. It is believed this will compare favorably for Queensland with the other Australian colonies. [Criminals.]

226.

The following remarks under the head of Law and Crime, by the Government Statist of Victoria, H. H. Hayter, Esq., the last published, will appear interesting and important in this connection :—" Judging from the number of offences "for which apprehensions were made, or summonses issued, during the four years "named (1876-1879), as compared with the population, the three colonies to which "criminals were formerly transported, viz., New South Wales, Tasmania, and "Western Australia, are, as will readily be supposed, those in which crime is more "rife than in the remainder, which have always been free from the convict taint. "According to this standard Queensland would appear to be the colony in which the "population is the least criminal of any of the group, and next to Queensland, New "Zealand and South Australia, which are closely followed by Victoria. Victoria "shows relatively to population a much smaller number of persons committed for "trial than any other colony, and it may therefore be inferred that the proportion of "serious offences perpetrated there is but small. New South Wales and Western "Australia are still at the bottom of the list, and Queensland sinks to the place just "above them, but Tasmania occupies a place inferior only to Victoria." [Crime in Australia.]

227.

It appears from the average number of prisoners given, that in Victoria one person to every 532 persons living in that colony in 1880 was constantly in prison during the year. The number of prisoners in Queensland by the Census of 1881, as above shown, gives nearly one to 516.

228.

The total number of persons shown in Order XV. was 2,151, consisting of 1,453 males and 698 females. The proportion of persons of this order was 1.01 of the whole population of the colony. There was a certain number of persons returned in the schedules who could not be fairly brought within any one of the fifteen defined orders, but who were included in Class VI., under the head ofno occupation, or occupation not stated.

229.

The number of persons appearing under the head of " no occupation " was 885, of whom 785 were males and 100 females. The proportion of these to the population was 0.41 per cent.

230.

The number of persons under the division of " occupation not specified " was 951 ; of these 759 were males and 192 females. The proportion of these was 0.45 per cent to the population of the colony. [No occupation]

231.

The Orders, with their numbers and proportions to population, will be plainly seen as follows :— [Orders, number, and proportions.]

232.

Table LXXXVI. shows occupation of persons by classes, orders, and sub-orders, in each of the census districts of the colony. The totals of classes are seen as follows :— [Occupation by classes.]

233.

Table LXXXVII. shows the males, and Table LXXXVIII. the females, under occupations by classes, orders, and sub-orders. The total number of persons, males and females, in each district engaged in each separate occupation, by orders and classes, is seen in Table LXXXIX. The occupations of Chinese and Polynesians are seen in Tables XC. and XCI.

234.

The occupation of the Chinese and Polynesians is shown separately for the first time in the census enumeration of 1881. It has been thought that it might prove interesting, and of some importance, to see in what industries such persons were employed in Queensland. [Occupation of Chinese and Polynesians.]

235.

The first of these tables, XC., shows that there were 33 Chinese in Class I. PROFESSIONAL ; of these 7 were returned under Sub-order I.,divinity,24 under Sub-order III.,medicine,and 2 under Sub-order IV.,literature,all males.

236.

In CLASS II. DOMESTIC, there were 647 Chinese, of whom 540 were attendants, 537 males and 3 females. In this class the total number of females was 19. In CLASS III. COMMERCIAL, there were 751, all but two being males, of these 394 were men engaged asgeneral dealers.Besides others, there were 140 men,carriers on roads.

237.

In CLASS IV. AGRICULTURAL, there were 2,453, including only one female, of these 1,145 were returned asmarket gardeners or farmers,including one female. There were 540 returned asstation servants (not domestic),all males, 336 as gardeners not domestic (laborers employed by gardeners), all males, and 298 asagricultural laborers,all males.

238.

There were 6,504 Chinese in Class V., INDUSTRIAL, one only being a female. In this class are includedgold-miners,of whom there were 5,525, all males. Of these there were 100 in the district of Clermont, 367 in Cook, 263 in Etheridge, 328 in Kennedy, 4,101 in Palmer, 301 in the Woothakata district, and a few at Gympie and other places. There were 497 engaged in tin-mining, all males. There were nine Chinese employed as miners for coal, all males. [Occupation of Chinese.]

239.

In CLASS VI. INDEFINITE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE—there were 841, of whom 492 are found under the head ofoccupation unspecified,but no less than 462 of these were passengers in a vessel bound to one of the southern colonies. Of the remainder, there were 248 returned simply as laborers. There were 24 returned as criminals, all being males. [Criminals.]

240.

The second of these tables, XCI., shows that there were two Polynesians, both males, returned under CLASS I., PROFESSIONAL ; of these, one was returned under Sub-order I.,divinity,a man engaged as a religious teacher, and one under Sub-order IX.,exhibitions,a man employed as a billiard marker. [Occupation of Polynesians.]

241.

In CLASS II. DOMESTIC—under Sub-order II. Order IV., attendance, there were 264 males and 149 females. The whole number in Class II. was 425, of whom 267 were males and 158 females.

242.

In CLASS III. COMMERCIAL, there were 274, all males ; of these 262 were returned under Order VI. Sub-order III.,carriers on seas and rivers,of whom 236 were in the district of Somerset, engaged chiefly as sailors in the pearl fishery, or in vessels otherwise employed on the northern coast.

243.

In CLASS IV. AGRICULTURAL, there were 5,445, including 214 females. Of the men, 4,856 were returned asagricultural laborers,and there were 211 females also returned as agricultural laborers, apparently engaged in field-work ; and there were 283 males and three females returned as station servants (not domestic).

244.

In CLASS V. INDUSTRIAL, there were 84 Polynesians, all males. Of these 56 were under Sub-order II., Order XI.,working and dealing in vegetable matters.Twenty-four of these were in the district of Cook, and were probably timber-getters. There were but two Polynesians engaged in mining, one in gold and one in tin mining.

245.

In CLASS VI. INDEFINITE AND NON-PRODUCTIVE—there were 118 Polynesians, all but one being males. Of these 93 males and 1 female were returned merely aslaborers.

246.

There were 9criminalsonly returned among the South Sea Islanders, all males. [Criminals.]

247.

It will be at once seen that the great bulk of the Chinese are working on the gold-fields, and that nearly five-sixths of the Polynesians returned as farm laborers are employed on the sugar plantations.

248.

The occupations of all Chinese and Polynesians shown in the order of the greatest number so engaged is fully and plainly shown in Table XCVI. before referred to. Some of the principal figures are as follows :—

249.

The system of classification of occupations, each separate calling being placed under its proper re-subdivision, sub-order, order, and class, is shown in Table XCII., pages 168 to 173. [System of classification.]

250.

Table XCIII. is a complete index of occupations under the system adopted, alphabetically arranged, showing also the classes, orders, and sub-orders of each, pages 174 to 187. Table XCIV. shows the number of persons as returned in the schedules under their occupations as given, arranged in the order of their greatest number, males and females ; and Table XCV. is the same, arranged in alphabetical order for convenient reference. [Index of occupations.]

251.

Table XCVI. shows Chinese and Polynesians in the order of the greatest number engaged in each occupation. [Chinese and Polynesians in the order of the greatest number.]

CIVIL OR CONJUGAL CONDITION.

252.

In the series of Tables under this head, from XCVII. to CXI., the population is divided into four descriptions, as follows :—

253.

A comparison is shown in Table XCVII. between the numbers under the four above-named descriptions in the several census enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881, all ages being included. In the next Table, XCVIII., the proportions per cent. of these are given to the whole population. In this last enumeration of 1881 the numbers and proportions together are at once seen, as follows :— [Comparison in the six enumerations.]

254.

Thus it is seen that in every one thousand persons living during the year, all ages included, about 689 were single, 282 were married, 25 were widowed, and about 4 in each thousand were unspecified.

255.

It is seen that among the unmarried the number of males was very much more than that of the females. In 1881 the proportions per cent. to the whole population were 43.12 of unmarried males to 25.73 of unmarried females. [Proportion of males and females.]

256.

The disproportion between unmarried males and females is smaller in 1881 than is found in either of the other census enumerations. In the enumerations of 1861, 1864, and 1868, the males were nearly double the number of females ; in 1871 they were considerably less than double ; in 1876 the proportion was slightly over that of 1871.

257.

It will be more interesting to see the proportion males and females bear to each other among persons of marriageable ages ; and this will be seen in Table XCIX., showing number and ages of the four descriptions of persons above referred to, first in age periods of 1 to 15 years, thence to 20, thence to 21, the total under 21, from 21 to 25 years, thence in quinquennial periods to 60 years, and thence upwards in periods of ten years ; and, lastly, the total number of persons over 21 years of age.

258.

The total number of bachelors over 21 years whose ages were given was 38,861, the number of spinsters returned as over 21 being only 5,290. It will, however, be still more to the purpose to compare the sexes at ages within which marriages in Australia often take place, among males from 20 and females from 15 years. Thus it may be seen from the table that there were 39,377 bachelors of ages from 20 years and upwards, but that the number of spinsters of ages from 15 years and upwards was only 14,497.

259.

The number of unmarried males and females of marriageable ages, shown by age periods, will be seen as follows :— [Proportion among males and females of marriageable ages.]

260.

The unspecified ages among the female adults were very few, numbering only 71 persons ; the unspecified males were 1881, but most of these were Chinese or Polynesians, as will presently be shown. In the comparison between the proportion of males and females of marriageable ages the unspecified as to ages are not included. Persons whose occupations were returned in the schedules, but whose ages were not specified, were reckoned as adults.

261.

The number of marriageable persons of both sexes is in the proportion of 272 males to 100 females. [Proportions of bachelores to spinsters at marriageable ages.]

262.

In Queensland single men include many Chinese and Polynesians, who are nearly all unmarried ; but altogether, omitting these, the number of bachelors of ages from 20 years and upwards was 26,036, and the number of spinsters of ages from 15 years and upwards was 14,394, which is in the proportion of 181 unmarried men of ages from 20 and upwards to 100 unmarried females from 15 and upwards. In the Colony of Victoria in the last census enumeration, that of 1871, the proportion of bachelors to spinsters exclusive of Chinese and Aborigines was 153 males to 100 females. [Omitting Chinese and Polynesians.] [In Victoria.]

263.

It will be seen by the Table XCIX, that the married males and females were nearly equal, the number of husbands being 30,122, and that of wives 30,124. In the Census of 1876 there were 3,803 husbands more than wives ; that is, there were that number of men living in Queensland whose wives were elsewhere. In England the wives far outnumber the husbands, many of the men being at sea or otherwise separated from their families. [Proportions of married of both sexes.]

264.

Among the married males there were 57 between the ages of fifteen and twenty years ; among the females there were 703 between these ages, and there were 5 married females under fifteen years of age.

265.

Between the ages of twenty and twenty-one there were 61 men and 577 females. Up to the age of thirty-five years the number of women among the married greatly preponderated. The total number of married women under twenty-one years was more than ten times that of married men under twenty-one years of age ; the proportions above that age were, at from twenty-one to twenty-five years, 38 women to 12 men, from twenty-five to thirty years 53 women to 38 men, from thirty to thirty-five years 49 women to 45 men. [At different age periods.]

266.

After the age of thirty-five years the number of men among the married exceeds that of the women ; thus it will be seen that at the ages from thirty-five to forty there were 55 men to 49 women, from forty to forty-five there were 54 men and 38 women, from forty-five to fifty there were 37 to 25, from fifty to fifty-five there were 23 to 15, from fifty-five to sixty 13 to 8, from sixty to seventy 14 to 7, from seventy to eighty 31 to 14, from eighty to ninety 39 to 17, and from ninety to a hundred years of age there were 2 married men but no married women returned.

267.

Of the widowed there were four men returned as over ninety years of age, and ten women. There were 9 widows under twenty-one years of age, and 1 widower. Three widows were between fifteen and twenty. The number of widows from twenty-one to fifty years was 1,533, the number of widowers being 1,077. [Number of widowers and widows.]

268.

The whole number of widowers of all ages was 2,270, the whole number of the widows being 3,082.

269.

Of the unspecified there were 855 males and 56 females ; but of the males under this head 466 were Chinese and Polynesians, leaving 445 males and females together, exclusive of the alien races, whose social condition was unspecified in the schedules ; the population exclusive of these being 195,948, the unspecified were only in the proportion of 2.27 per 1,000 of the entire population. [Unspecified.]

270.

Table C. shows the number of males and females unmarried, married, widowed, and unspecified, and the number in every one hundred persons living of each of the four descriptions at each quinquennial period of age up to sixty years, and at each decennial period from 60 to 100 years. [Number and percentage of unmarried, &c., at Age Periods.]

271.

Table CI. shows the number in each census district of the colony, males and females, of married, unmarried, widowed, and of those whose separate or conjugal condition was not stated. This calls for no remark except that the 480 males under the head of " condition not stated " in East Moreton were nearly all Chinese, being passengers in a vessel which at the time of the census was lying in Moreton Bay. Although this vessel was bound for Sydney, or one of the other southern colonies, yet as the people were at the time in Queensland waters it was necessary that they should be enumerated. [Numbers of the classes in each census district.]

272.

Table CII. shows the civil and conjugal condition of the population at different age periods in the census enumerations of 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively, the number of unmarried, married, widowed, and unspecified. [In the census enumerations, 1861-1881.]

273.

Tables CIII. to CVI. give the numbers and ages shown quinquennially and decennially, also of those of ages from 20 to 21, and the totals under 21 years, of married persons, husbands, and wives, and of single persons, males and females, in each of the census districts ; the Chinese and Polynesians being shown separately. [Numbers in census districts by age periods.]

274.

Tables CVII. to CX. show widowers and widows, males, condition unspecified, and females, condition unspecified, in the same way.

275.

The civil and conjugal condition of all the people, married and unmarried, widowed, and unspecified, males and females, at the age periods, inclusive and also exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, is shown in Table CXI. [Inclusive and exclusive of Chinese and Polynesian.]

276.

It will be seen that the numbers of unmarried persons in Queensland, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, was 130,588, males 75,807, females 54,781 ; that the married persons, exclusive, numbered 59,601, males 29,711, females 29,890. It is also shown that the number of widowed persons, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, was 5,314, of whom 2,237 were widowers, and 3,077 widows.

277.

The proportions of the unmarried, in the numbers above given, were 72.26 females to 100 males. This includes children, but, all females under 15 years and males under 20 years being excluded, it is found that, of those whose ages were specified, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, the number of females is only in the proportion of 55.28 to 100 males. It is therefore very plain that there is a great deficiency of marriageable females in the colony, apart altogether from the number of Chinese and Polynesians, who are nearly all men. [Proportion of unmarried women to men.]

AGES.

278.

The householders' schedules contained the ages of 210,651 persons, which was 98.65 per cent. of the whole number of persons returned, the remainder, 2,874, being unspecified as to ages. This is in the proportion of 1.35 per cent. of the whole ; but this includes Chinese and Polynesians, among whom no less than 2,327 are found under the head of " ages unspecified." The proportion of unspecified ages among the Polynesians and Chinese was 13.24 per cent. [Proportion of ages unspecified.]

279.

Exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, the unspecified as to ages numbered 547 persons, showing a proportion only of 0.25 per cent., or a little over 2½ per thousand of the population of the colony.

280.

A summary Table, CXII., shows the number of children under 5 years, and of 5 years and under 15 years ; the number of youths of 15 and under 21 years, with the total of minors ; also the number of 21 years and under 50 years, and the number over 50 years, with the total of adults. It will be seen that the total number of adults and minors in the population was nearly equal, the number of adults being 109,243, and that of minors 104,282. [Ages of children, minors, and adults.]

281.

The number of adult males was 71,985, that of females 37,258. The adult males were in the proportion of 33.71 per cent. of the whole population. In the census enumeration of 1876 the proportion of male adults was 36.30 per cent. of the whole population of the colony. The number of male adults in each electoral district will be found tabulated at pages 234 and 235. [Proportion of adult males and females.]

282.

A comparison is shown in Table CXIII. between the numbers returned by quinquennial periods to 60 years, and thence by decennial periods, in the census enumerations of 1876 and 1881. [Numbers by quinquennial periods, 1876 and 1881.]

283.

Taking the numbers found at each of the age-periods in 1881, it will be seen that the increases vary considerably. The increase of the colony, all ages included, being in the proportion of 23.22 per cent., the increase of the number of children under 5 years was at the rate of 22.48 per cent., children of ages from 5 to 10 increased 19.82 per cent., while those from 10 to 15 years increased 49.49 per cent. Youths from 15 to 20 had increased in the ratio of 32.26 per cent. From the ages of 20 to 25 the increase had been 29.89 per cent., and from 25 to 30 the increase was 16.35 per cent. The age period from 30 to 35 was marked by a diminution, the numbers between those ages showing a decrease of 4.48 per cent. on the numbers returned in the census enumeration of 1876. The more advanced periods showed 35 to 40, rate of increase 7.47 per cent. ; 40 to 45, rate 29.45 per cent. ; 45 to 50, rate 42.45 ; 50 to 55, rate 41.74 per cent. ; 55 to 60, rate 38.08 per cent. ; 60 to 70, rate 50.55 per cent. ; 70 to 80, rate 67.91 per cent. ; 80 to 90, rate 122.50 per cent. ; 90 to 100, rate 128.57 per cent.

284.

Children taken by age periods of 1 year, as returned in the schedules, pretty nearly approximated in numbers. Thus, the number under 1 year, males and females together, was 7,038, under 2 years 6,569, under 3 years 6,414, under 4 years 6,031, under 5 years 5,882, under 6 years 5,971, under 7 years 5,368, under 8 years 5,511, under 9 years 5,159, under 10 years 5,038, under 11 years 5,118, under 12 years 4,625, under 13 years 4,524, under 14 years 4,428, under 15 years 4,209. [Children by age periods of one year.]

285.

Aged persons returned as 80 years old and upwards numbered 194, males and females together. The maximum of ages as returned in the schedules

286.

Table CXIV. shows the proportions per cent. at age periods to the total number of persons of all ages living in the colony in the two census enumerations of 1876 and 1881. [Proportions per cent. at age periods.]

287.

Table CXV. shows the proportions per cent. of the sexes, that is, the proportions of males and females in every 100 of the population at age periods, in 1876 and in 1881. [Sexes.]

288.

Dividing the population into children under 15 years, youths 15 and under 21, adults 21 and under 70, and aged persons over 70 years of age, it is seen that the number of children was 81,885, or in the proportion of 38.35 per cent. to the whole population ; that the number of youths was 22,383, or in the proportion of 10.48 per cent. ; that the number of adults under 70 years was 105,153, or 49.25 per cent. ; that the number of aged persons of 70 and over was 1,230, or in the proportion of 0.58 per cent. of the whole population in 1881. The number of persons whose ages were unspecified being 2,874, this is in the proportion of 1.34 per cent. of the entire population of the colony. [Children, youths, adults, and aged persons.]

289.

The proportions nearly approximate to those found in the census enumeration of 1876, excepting that the proportion of aged persons has increased. A comparison between the two periods will be seen as follows :— [Comparison, 1876 and 1881.]

290.

The males in the population of 1881, numbering 125,325, were as follows :—Children, 41,519, in the proportion of 33.14 per cent. of the whole number of males ; youths, 11,816, in the proportion of 9.43 per cent. ; adults under 70 years, 68,556, in the proportion of 54.70 per cent. ; aged persons, 70 to 100 years, 751, in the proportion of 0.59 per cent. ; males whose ages were unspecified, 2,683, in the proportion of 2.14 per cent. to the whole number of males in the colony. [Males.]

291.

The females, numbering 88,200, were found to be as follows :—Children, 40,366 ; youths, 10,567 ; adults, 36,597 ; aged persons over 70 years, 479 ; and unspecified, 191. These were in the proportion of children, 45.77 ; youths, 11.98 ; adults, 41.49 ; aged persons, over 70 years, 0.54 ; unspecified, 0.22. [Females.]

292.

The comparison between the numbers and proportions will be more plainly seen as follows :— [Numbers and proportions, children, youths, and adults.]

293.

It will be seen that the numbers of males and females up to 15 years are nearly equal ; that from 21 to 70 the males greatly preponderate, approaching nearly to double that of the other sex ; and that of ages from 70 to 100 there is still a much larger number of males than of females. [Proportions at age periods.]

294.

Table CXVI. shows the ages of persons enumerated in each census district by year periods from under 1 to 14 years inclusive ; then by age periods, 15 to 20 years, 20 to 21, and 21 to 25 respectively ; then by quinquennial periods from 25 to 100 years. The table also shows the number of minors and adults in each district, and, finally, ages by vicennial periods. Table CXVII. shows the number of males, and Table CXVIII. the number of females, in each census district in the same way. [Ages of persons in each census district] [Males, Females.]

295.

Table CXIX. shows the number of males and females according to age periods, and the number of minors and adults enumerated in each subdivision of all the census districts in the colony. This table extends from pages 214 to 233. [Minors and adults in census districts.]

296.

The adult male population in all the electorates of the colony by quinquennial periods from 21 to 60 years, and thence by decennial periods ; also the number of adult males, inclusive and exclusive of adult Chinese and Polynesians, are shown in Table CXX. [Adult males in electorates, inclusive and exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians.]

297.

The last table under the head of ages, CXXI., shows the number of Chinese and Polynesians at different age periods in each census district of the colony in the enumeration of 1881.

EDUCATION.

298.

The provision made in the census householder's schedules under the head of education aims only at showing the number of persons who can read and write. [Rudimentary Education.]

299.

Most of the Chinese can read and write their own language, but it has been thought best, on the whole, in the census enumeration of 1881, to adopt the course obtaining in Victoria, where the Chinese are returned as unable to read unless they can read or write English. This plan has the disadvantage, as our Queensland returns have been compiled, of swelling the numbers who appear in the ordinary tables on education as persons altogether illiterate ; but it will be seen in Table CXXXV. that the numbers are there given exclusive as well as inclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, and the numbers and proportions exclusive of these must be taken as the only fair method of showing the condition of primary education in Queensland, especially as compared to that of the other Australian colonies. [Chinese unable to read and write English.] [Primary Education in Queensland.]

300.

The first table of the series on education is numbered CXXII. ; it shows a comparison between the degree of education in the several census enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881, males and females. [In census periods.]

301.

Table CXXIII. shows the proportions under the several heads in the above-named census enumerations in the same way. Table CXXIV. shows the degree of education at different ages, males and females. Table CXXV. shows the number, males and females, of those who were able to read and write, of those who could read only, of those unable to read, and of those whose education was unspecified ; also the proportions per cent. under each of these to the total number of each sex in all the census districts in the colony. In reading these four tables, it must, however, be borne in mind, as shown in the foot-notes, that in the enumeration of 1881 all the Chinese unable to read English are classed among the uneducated, and the effect of this is seen in the comparison of the proportions in 1876 and 1881, shown in Table CXXIII., where the proportion per cent. of males able to read and write is slightly less in 1881 than in the previous census enumeration of 1876, when all Chinese able to read and write their own language were set down as possessed of the rudiments of education. This is made plain in the table referred to, and in all the numbers and percentages of adults the figures of that table will be used, showing primary education of persons exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians. [Numbers and proportions of those who could read and write.] [Chinese unable to read English classed among uneducated.]

302.

It should be observed that this does not account for the gradual diminution of the proportion of males able to read and write, as shown in three successive census enumerations prior to 1881 and subsequent to that of 1864.

303.

It will be seen by Table CXXIII. that in 1861 the proportion of only 62.90 of the whole number of males in the colony were able to read and write ; in the next census of 1864 the proportion had increased to 68.16 ; but in the four subsequent census enumerations it is shown to have regularly diminished. The apparent decrease in 1881 has been already satisfactorily accounted for, but it appears at first sight inexplicable that with our elaborate system of primary education there should be an increasing proportion of males in the colony who are unable to read and write English. This has its solution in the fact that between 1861 and 1864 there was a large immigration of a superior class of persons paying their own full passages, numbering together from April, 1861, to March, 1864, two years and nine months, 8,550 persons, and that since that period the stream of this class of immigrants has dwindled almost to nothing. In addition to this, there has been a considerable and increasing immigration of the colored races, who serve to swell the proportion of the illiterate part of the population. [Diminution of males able to read and write.] [How accounted for.] [Increase of colored races.]

304.

The above remarks apply to the population as a whole, but a very different condition of things will be found in the subsequent tables, showing education by ages and the proportions of children able to read and write in the successive census enumerations. [Increasing proportion of children able to read and write.]

305.

The educational condition of the people is shown in 1881 under the three general descriptions, " Able to read and write," " Able to read only," and " Unable to read." To the numbers given under these heads are added the number whose degree of education was unspecified in the schedules. Exclusive of the Chinese and Polynesians, it was found that 133,940 persons could read and write, that 13,277 could read only, that 47,294 could not read or write, and that 1,437 were unspecified. This is shown in Table CXXXV. [Increasing proportion of children able to read, &c.]

306.

The population of the colony, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, being 195,948, the proportions under the three heads were 68.36 per cent. able to read and write, 6.78 per cent. able to read only, 24.13 per cent. unable to read, and 0.73 per cent. unspecified. The numbers and the proportions to the whole population, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, will be plainly seen as follows :— [Exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians.]

These numbers, males and females, will be seen as follows :—

307.

Of the males able to read and write, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, it will be seen that the proportion per cent. to the whole number of males was 70.80 ; that of those able to read only the proportion was 5.86 ; and that the proportion of those unable to read was 22.46. The unspecified males were in the proportion of 0.88 to the whole number of males. [Proportion of males.]

308.

Of the females able to read and write, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, the proportion per cent. to the whole of the females was 65.34 ; of those who could read only, 7.91 ; and of those who were unable to read, 26.19. The unspecified females were in the proportion of 0.56 per cent. to the whole number of females, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians. [Proportion of females.]

309.

The numbers and proportions will be seen at a glance as follows :— [Numbers and proportions.]

310.

The same table, CXXXV., shows degrees of education, inclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, as follows :— [Inclusive of Chinese and Polynesians.]

311.

It will be at once apparent how greatly the condition of education among the adult male population

312.

In the Summary Table No. CXXIV. the numbers are shown under 5 years, thence in quinquennial periods to 80, and thence decennially to 100 years. [General Summary.]

313.

The ages from 20 to 21 are given separately, and then from 21 to 25, the total number of minors and adults being thus shown. This is including Chinese and Polynesians.

314.

In Table CXXIV., showing numbers and proportions exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, the ages are given under 5 years, thence in periods of 5 years to 80 years, and thence decennially.

315.

The same Table, CXXXV., shows the condition of education among children and adults at different age periods, both inclusive and exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians. Taking the latter, it is seen that the number of children under 5 years of age returned as able to read and write was 111, of whom 62 were males and 49 females ; that those able to read only numbered 314, of whom 156 were males and 158 females ; that those who could not read numbered 31,504, of whom 15,957 were males and 15,547 females. [Education of children and adults, exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, by age periods.]

316.

The number of children of from 5 to 10 years, able to read and write, numbered 12,183, of whom 6,088 were males and 6,095 females. The number who could read only was 6,022, of whom 3,093 were males and 2,929 females. The number of this age period who could not read was 8,760, of whom 4,408 were males and 4,352 were females. The unspecified numbered 81, of whom 47 were males and 34 were females. [Five to ten years.]

317.

At the age period from 10 to 15 years 21,042 children could read and write, 10,656 males and 10,386 females ; 978 could read only, 546 males and 432 females ; 780 could not read, 419 males and 361 females. There were 52 at this age period unspecified as to education, of whom 34 were males and 18 were females. [Ten to fifteen.]

318.

From 15 years and upwards of those whose ages were given, 100,454 could read and write, 59,642 males and 40,812 females ; 5,958 could read only, 2,531 males and 3,427 females ; 6,214 could not read, 3,492 males and 2,722 females. There were 948 unspecified as to education within these age periods, consisting of 568 males and 380 females. [Fifteen and upwards.]

319.

Of those whose ages were not given in the schedules, there were 150 who were returned as able to read and write, 116 males and 34 females ; there were 5 returned as able to read only, 3 males and 2 females ; there were 36 returned as unable to read, 26 males and 10 females. There were 356 of those whose ages were not given who were also unspecified as to education, consisting of 300 males and 56 females. [Ages unspecified.]

320.

The numbers and proportions will be plainly seen as follows :— [Number and proportion.]

321.

It will be apparent that a little over 45 per cent. of the children living at ages between 5 and 10 years were able to read and write, the proportion of females being a little larger than that of males ; and it will be observed that over 92 per cent. of children in the colony between the ages of 10 and 15 years could read and write, the advantage being again a little on the side of the females. [Proportion of children from 5 to 10 and from 10 to 15 able to read and write.]

322.

The condition of education among children, as seen in age periods up to 15 years, shows well in comparison with that found in the census enumerations of 1871 and 1876. The results of the last three enumerations will be seen as follows :— [Increasing proportions.]

323.

It will be seen that these figures for 1881, being inclusive, differ very slightly from those which are exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians, nearly the whole of these being over the age of 15 years.

324.

It is evident that an increasing proportion of children are receiving instruction under the operation of the system of education established in the colony. The proportion of children from 10 to 15, able to read and write, would have been still larger than 92 per cent. but for the constant influx of children coming with their parents into the colony as immigrants.

325.

Table CXXV. shows the numbers and proportions per cent. of males and females able to read and write, able to read only, and unspecified as to education, in all the census districts of the colony, inclusive of Chinese and Polynesians.

326.

The educational condition of the whole population in each of the census districts, including Chinese and Polynesians, is shown numerically in detailed tables from CXXVI. to CXXXIII., as follows :— [Education in census districts.]

• Table CXXVI.—Males able to read and write.

• Table CXXVII.—Females able to read and write.

• Table CXXVIII.—Males able to read only.

• Table CXXIX.—Females able to read only.

• Table CXXX.—Males unable to read.

• Table CXXXI.—Females unable to read.

• Table CXXXII.—Males whose degree of education was unspecified in schedules.

• Table CXXXIII.—Females whose degree of education was unspecified.

327.

The centesimal proportions in each of the census districts are shown in Table CXXXIV. Table CXXXV., already referred to, shows education at different age periods, exclusive and inclusive of Chinese and Polynesians. [Centesimal proportions.]

RELIGION.

328.

The desire expressed by the Imperial Government, before referred to in this Report, that the information contained in the census householders' schedules of 1881 in the Australian colonies should be the same as that of the schedules made use of in England, evidently did not mean that we should discontinue in Australia the practice of taking a religious census, as this practice was repeatedly referred to in the debate on the Census Bill, on the motion of Captain Aylmer, in the House of Commons, proposing to take a religious census in England, as a thing settled in Canada and Australia ; and it was contended, in opposition to a motion, that the objection of Dissenters in England did not exist in Australia because there was no State-Church in the colonies. [Religious census.] [Census Bill in England.]

329.

In the United States of America, where there is no State Church, a religious census is taken, and information concerning all the principal denominations is compiled in a very elaborate form. [United States of America.]

330.

Before the Queensland Amended Census Bill of 1880 was passed it was ascertained that there was no intention in the other Australian colonies of departing from the usual course of obtaining a religious census. [Other Australian colonies.]

331.

The column for religion being retained in our schedules, it was found that comparatively few persons omitted to make a return of the denomination to which they belonged. The number who formally objected to state their religion was only twelve ; the schedules in which the head of the family omitted to fill in the religious column included 1,346 persons, and 293 are returned as of " no religion." The total number, therefore, whose religion was not returned was 1,651, or 0.77, a little more than three-quarters of 1 per cent. of the whole population. [Few formal objections.]

332.

Table CXXXVI. is comparative, giving the numbers of each religious denomination in Queensland in the successive census enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 ; also the total numerical and centesimal increase from 1861 to 1881. [Religious denominations.]

333.

Number CXXXVII. is a detailed table, showing the whole population under the heads of each church or denomination, and others, including Christians, Hebrews, Mahometans, Pagans, persons of other religions, persons objecting to state, those returned as no religion, and those whose religion is unspecified, in each of the census districts in Queensland. The numbers will be seen as follows :— [Numbers.]

334.

The following figures give proportions per cent. of the whole population of the colony in 1881 :— [Proportions.]

335.

The proportion per cent. of the Church of England to the population has slightly diminished since the last census enumeration, being 34.62 in 1881, as against 35.75 in 1876. The proportion of Roman Catholics has slightly increased, the rate being 25.47 ; that of 1876 having been 24.90. The proportion of Presby [Increase in denominations.]

terians shows a small diminution, being 10.59 as against 10.93. The proportion of Lutherans in 1881 was 7.91, a small increase on 1876, when it was 7.03. The Wesleyan Methodists are given separately in 1881, from the Primitive and Free Church Methodists ; taking them together, as in previous enumerations, they were in the proportion of 6.72, showing a small increase on the proportion in 1876, when the percentage was 6.38. The proportion of Baptists shows a little increase, being 2.62 in 1881 as against 2.51 in 1876. The proportion of Congregationalists in 1881 shows a small increase, being 2.23 ; the proportion in 1876 having been 2.05.

336.

The proportion of persons classed under the head of " other religions" is less than half of that shown in the census enumeration of 1876 ; this includes sects of many names, but the whole number amounts only to 790. ["Other Religions."]

337.

Of those who object to state their religion, including persons describing themselves as of " no religion," and the " unspecified " not formally objecting to state, there were 1,651 in 1881 as against 5,936 in 1876. It may be fairly presumed from this, that the objection felt by some persons against a religious census in the colony has greatly diminished during the last five years. It has been already shown that the proportion of those thus put together as objecting to state their religion in 1881

338.

None of the collectors have recorded in their diaries any difficulty experienced by them in obtaining the information required for the religious column of the schedules ; and it will be seen that only twelve persons formally objected in writing to state their religion. The members of the families of those who objected were included in the unspecified. [Little difficulty in obtaining religious census in 1881.]

339.

The additions to the numbers in the principal denominations, exclusive of the other Christian sects and other religions in 1881, in the order of their largest proportionate increase in five years since the Census of 1876, is seen as follows :— [Increases, numerical and centesimal.]

340.

The centesimal increases of the above-named Christian denominations since the first census was taken in 1861 are seen as follows :— [Centesimal rates of increase since the taking of first census.]

341.

It will be seen that during the period between the first and second census, 1861-4, the largest proportionate increase was Presbyterian ; in the next period, 1864-8, Methodist ; in the period, 1868-71, Baptist

342.

The aggregate increase during the last twenty years since the first Queensland census, shown centesimally, are as follows :— [Aggregate increases.]

343.

Sexes.—In all the denominations the males exceed the females, but it will be remembered that the proportion of females in the whole population of Queensland is only 70.38 to 100 males. Notwithstanding this inequality some of the denominations approach to nearly an equal number of the sexes ; as, for instance, the Baptists number 2,818 males and 2,765 females ; this is in the proportion of 98.12 of the latter to 100 of the former. The proportions are as follows :— [Sexes.]

344.

The names of the sects included under the heads of " other Christian" sects " and " other religions " in each of the census districts, males and females, are seen in Table CXXXVIII. [Other Christian Sects.]

345.

Table CXXXIX., showing the proportions of each denomination to the population at each census period from 1861 to 1881, has been placed a little out of its proper order for the convenience of printing. [Proportions to population.]

346.

A few of the Chinese and Polynesians returned themselves as Christians. Table CXL. shows the classification of Chinese and Polynesians in a religious sense in each census district. The great bulk of these were returned as Mahometans or Pagans ; but of the Chinese 138 were returned as belonging to the Church of England, 60 to the Church of Rome, 16 were Wesleyans, 9 Presbyterians, and 3 Lutherans. There were 48 under the head of " other religions;" and 1 was unspecified. Of the Polynesians 369 were Church of England, 57 Presbyterian, 42 Church of Rome, 39 Wesleyan, 17 Congregationalist, 13 Primitive Methodist, 6 Baptist, and 2 Lutheran. There were 11 returned as belonging to other christian sects, 3 under the head of other religions, and 11 were unspecified. Those returned as Mahometans or Pagans were 10,954 Chinese and 5,778 Polynesians. [Chinese and Polynesians.]

BIRTHPLACES.

347.

The nationalities of the population are shown in Tables CXLI. to CXLV. [Nationalities.]

348.

The first of these Tables, No. CXLI., shows a comparison of the number of persons, males and females, returned as born in Queensland and other colonies of

Australia, in England and other countries of Europe, in the United States and other countries of America, in China, and in other countries not before named, as found in the census enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881.

349.

Tables CXLII. and CXLIII. show the numbers and proportions of persons belonging to each nationality in the census enumerations from 1861 to 1881.

350.

In the census of 1881 it is seen that 86,236 out of the population, or a little over 40 per cent. of the whole, were persons born in Queensland ; that 14,665, or less than 7 per cent., were Australians not of Queensland birth ; that 37,390, or less than 18 per cent., were from England and Wales ; that 28,295, or more than 13 per cent., were Irish ; that 9,929, or less than 5 per cent., were Scotch ; that 11,638, or more than 5 per cent., were German ; that the persons born in China, including those not of Chinese parentage, numbered 11,253, constituting a little over 5 per cent. of the whole ; and that the Polynesians, including those born of white parents, numbered 6,396, being in the proportion of nearly 3 per cent. to the population of the colony. [Born in Queensland.] [In Australia, England and Wales, &c.]

351.

The numbers of other nationalities are as follows :—Denmark, 2,223 ; America, including the United States, British America, and other States, 875 ; France, 340 ; Italy, 250 ; other countries of Europe, including Austria, 1,916 ; India, born of white parents, 315 ; India, natives, 64 ; other countries in Asia, including Japan, 246 ; other countries not before named, including Africa, 315. Besides these there were 632 returned as born at sea, and 547 were unspecified in the schedules.

352.

The comparison of the birthplaces in the last census of 1881 and the enumerations which have previously been made show that the proportion of persons born in Queensland has gradually increased, except as shown in the Census of 1864, when there had been a great influx for three years by immigration from Great Britain. Thus, in 1861, 21 per cent. were natives of the colony ; in 1864, 16 ; in 1868, 23 ; in 1871, 30 ; and in 1876, 34 ; as against 40.39 in 1881. The proportions per cent. of the sexes, as seen in Table CXLIII., are calculated not on the whole population but on the whole number of males and females separately. [Increased proportion in Queensland.]

353.

The numbers of males and females in the nationalities composing the population vary considerably. Of those born in Queensland, as shown in the enumeration of 1881, 43,562 were males and 42,674 were females ; of those born in other Australian colonies, 8,640 were males and 6,025 were females ; of those born in England and Wales, 22,608 were males and 14,782 were females ; of those born in Scotland, 6,070, were males and 3,859 were females ; of those born in Ireland, 14,842 were males and 13,453 were females ; of those born in Germany, 6,891 were males and 4,747 were females ; of those born in China, 11,224 were males and 29 were females ; of those born in Polynesia, 6,000 were males and 396 were females ; of others, 5,488 were males and 2,235 were females. [Males and females.]

354.

Table CXLIV. shows the birthplaces of the people, males and females, resident in all the census districts of the colony, excepting only those who were unspecified in the schedules. [Birthplaces.]

355.

Table CXLV. gives the details of the nationalities under the general heads of other countries of Europe, other countries of Asia, other States of America, and other countries not previously named, males and females, resident in each of the census districts of Queensland. [Details.]

SICKNESS AND INFIRMITY.

356.

Table CXLVI. shows the number of persons returned in the schedules as suffering from sickness and accident, in private houses or in hospitals, in each of the census districts in Queensland. [Sickness, accident.]

357.

It will be seen from the table that the total number of persons returned as laid aside was 1,014. This is in the proportion of 4.75 per thousand to the population, but this must, no doubt, be understood to include only cases in which persons were suffering from serious illness. [Proportion.]

358.

Under the head of sickness there were 898 persons, of whom 620 were males and 278 females.

359.

There were 116 returned as suffering from accidents, of whom 108 were males and 8 were females ; but in some of the hospitals no distinction as to the kind of indisposition was made, the inmates being returned simply as " patients."

360.

Of the 1,014 persons suffering from sickness or accident, 647 were in private houses and 367 were in hospitals. The table shows the number of persons who are included on the sick-list in each of the census districts of the colony. The largest number will, of course, be found in Brisbane, where 250 persons are shown as suffering from sickness and 19 from accident. [In census districts.]

361.

Table CXLVII. shows, under the head of " Public institutions," the number of persons, males and females, returned as inmates of the immigration Depot, of hospitals, lunatic and other asylums ; also the number of persons under imprisonment. The officers and attendants employed, including members of their families, are given separately. These numbered together 4.26 persons. [Public Institutions—]

362.

The number of inmates distinguished from officers and attendants was 2,125, of whom 1,437 were males and 688 females. The institutions themselves numbered 55, of which one was the Immigration Depot at Brisbane, 28 were hospitals, and 10 were asylums. The number of prisons, reformatories, &c., was 16. The locality of these institutions is given in Table CXLVIII., showing public institutions in census districts. [Number of.]

363.

The number of hospitals has been added to during the last five years ; the number shown in the census report of 1876 was 21, as against 28 in 1881.

364.

The last Table, No. CXLIX., shows the occupations of persons in gaols previous to their imprisonment. The numbers of both sexes are shown, and the census districts in the colony in which these persons are confined. The largest number of prisoners belonged to Class VI., Order XIII., Sub-order I.,Laborers,branch unspecified.Under the headDomestic, Class II., Order III., there were 54. InClass IV., Order VII., Land and Animals, there were 48. There were 29 persons whose occupations had been underClass V., Order XII., Working and dealing in minerals.

365.

A synoptical table, useful for reference, will be found immediately before the first numbered table of this Report, showing population, increase, numerical and centesimal, percentage of females to males ; also ages in years from 1 to 5, then in quinquennial periods to 20, from 20 to 21, the total number of minors, males and females, ages from 21 to 25 ; then in quinquennial periods, from 25 to 60 years ; and thence, in decennial periods, to 90 years and upwards. The table also shows particulars of civil or conjugal condition, education, religion, dwellings, occupations, and birthplaces. [Synopsis.]

366.

Immediately following this Report is a set of Maps, the first of which shows the whole of Queensland. Maps numbered 1 to 7 show the 52 census districts ; in these the district boundaries are marked by thick black lines, the red lines showing the subdivisions, each of these bearing a number corresponding to the number shown in the list of collectors, page LXVI. of Appendices. Following the maps of districts, is one indicating density of the various localities, as described in paragraph 108 of this Report. [Maps.]

367.

A preliminary statement was laid before Parliament, published and sent to the principal papers in Brisbane, dated 9th September, showing the exact figures of the Census of 1881. This contained the population of each census district and of the each electoral district, the population of electoral districts within census districts in all their subdivisions, the occupations in the principal divisions, called classes in each census district, and other information supposed to be most useful for general purposes. Having given this statement after all the schedules had been tabulated, and in an exact form, not subject to any correction, it was thought unnecessary to publish the more elaborate tables of the full Report in parts, which plan is adopted in some of the other Australian colonies after their rough figures have been first given to the public.

I have the honour to be,

Sir,

Your most obedient Servant,

HENRY JORDAN,

Registrar-General.

Registrar-General's Office,

Brisbane, 20th April, 1881.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

REPORT BY REGISTRAR-GENERAL

Map of Queensland.

Maps showing Boundaries of Census Districts

Maps showing Density of Population in various parts of the Colony

PART I.

Synoptical Table

SECTION I., PART I.—POPULATION—GENERAL SUMMARIES.

I.—Total Population, Numbers, and by Sexes

II.—Total Numbers of Chinese and Polynesians, in Population, by Sexes

III.—Dwellings and Inhabitants, at Census Enumerations of 1876 and 1881

IV.—Dwellings and Inhabitants at each of the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, 1881

V.—Increase of Dwellings and Inhabitants, 1861-1881 ; Centesimal Increase of Population ; and average Number of Inhabitants to a Dwelling

VI.—Increase of Population by Sexes at each Census Enumeration, 1861 to 1881

VII.—Centesimal Rate of Increase of Population, by Sexes, each Enumeration ; also Centesimal Rate of Increase, 1861 to 1881 ; and proportion Females bear to each 100 Males at each Enumeration

VIII.—Comparative Table showing Population of Census Districts, arranged in Groups, according to Census of 1881, 1876, 1871, 1868, 1864, and 1861 respectively

IX.—Increase or Decrease of Population in Census Districts, arranged in Groups, according to Census of 1881, 1876, 1871, 1868, 1864, and 1861 respectively

X.—Centesimal Rate of Increase or Decrease of Population in Census Districts, arranged in Groups, during the intervals between Census of 1881, 1876, 1871, 1868, 1864, and 1861 respectively

XI.—Totals of Population in the several Divisions of the Colony, according to the Census of 1876 and 1881, and the Numerical Increase or Decrease in each Division

XII.—Population by Sexes in each Census District ; also Percentage of Males and Females to Persons enumerated in each District

XIII.—Number of Chinese, Polynesians, Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Charitable Institutions, in each Census District, 1881

XIV.—Number of Minors and Adults, Males and Females, in each Census District

XV.—Comparative Number of Polynesians, Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Charitable Institutions, at Census of 1876 and 1881

XVI.—Population in Electoral Districts ; Number of Minors and Adult Males ; also Number of Chinese, Polynesians, Prisoners, Lunatics (and Inmates of Dunwich Benevolent Institution), in each Electorate ; also Total Adult Males, exclusive of Adult Males, Chinese and Polynesians, Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Dunwich Benevolent Institution

XVII.—Population of Electoral Districts as formed from Census Districts or portions of Census Districts

XVIII.—Number of Chinese, Polynesians, Prisoners, Lunatics, and Inmates of Charitable Institutions in each Electoral District as formed from Census Districts, or portions of Census Districts

XIX.—Population, and by Sexes in each Division under " The Divisional Boards Act" on 3rd April, 1881

XIXA.—Percentage of Sexes, proportion of Females to every 100 Males, and proportion of Persons and Sexes to Total Population

SECTION II., PART I.—AREA OF COLONY AND DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION.

XX.—Area in Square Miles, Dwellings, and Population

XXI.—Number of Habitations, Occupied, Unoccupied, and being erected, in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1876 and 1881

XXII.—The Area of each Census District in Square Miles, and the Number of Persons to a Square Mile at the Enumerations of 1876 and 1881

XXIII.—Number and Description of Habitations in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1876 and 1881

XXIV.—The Area and Number of Inhabited Dwellings to a Square Mile in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1876 and 1881 respectively

XXV.—The Average Number of Persons to an Inhabited Dwelling in each Census District at the Enumerations of 1876 and 1881

XXVI.—Number and Description of Ships and Vessels in Queensland Waters on the Night of the 3rd April, 1881, the Locality of such Ships and Vessels, and the Number of Persons on Board

XXVII.—Population on the Gold Fields, and the Census Districts in which they are situated

XXVIII.—Total Population of Towns and Township Reserves (exclusive of Municipalities), at the Census Enumerations of 1876 and 1881 respectively.

XXIX.—Town and Township Reserves alphabetically arranged, the Census District in which they are situated, and the Population in each by Sexes

XXIXA.—Towns and Township Reserves, by Census Districts, and the Population in each by Sexes.

XXX.—Reserves that have been Proclaimed or Surveyed as Townships, the Returns showing no Population

XXXI.—Total Population in Municipalities and Shires, with Increase and Decrease in 1881, 1876, and 1871.

SECTION III., PART I.—SYNOPSIS OF RESULTS IN EACH CENSUS DISTRICT.

XXXII.—Aramac—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXIII.—Balonne—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXIV.—Blackall—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXV.—Bowen—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXVI.—Brisbane—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXVII.—Bundaberg—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXVIII.—Burke—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XXXIX.—Burnett—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XL.—CabooltureShowing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLI.—Cardwell—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLII.—Charleville—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLIII.—Clermont—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLIV.—Cook—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLV.—Cunnamulla—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLVI.—Dalby—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLVII.—Darling Downs Central—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLVIII.—Darling Downs East—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

XLIX.—Darling Downs North—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

L.—Darling Downs West—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LI.—Diamentina—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LII.—Drayton and Toowoomba—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LIII.—Etheridge—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LIV.—Fassifern—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LV.—Gladstone—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LVI.—Gympie—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LVII.—Ipswich—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LVIII.—Kennedy—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LIX.—Leichhardt—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LX.—Logan—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXI.—Mackay—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXII.—Maranoa—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXIII.—Marathon—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXIV.—Maryborough—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXV.—Moreton East—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXVI.—Moreton West—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXVII.—Oxley—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXVIII.—Palmer—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXIX.—Peak Downs—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXX.—Rockhampton—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXI.—Somerset—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXII.—Springsure—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXIII.—Stanley—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXIV.—Stanthorpe——Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXV.—St. Lawrence—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXVI.—Taroom—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXVII.—Tiaro—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXVIII.—Townsville—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXIX.—Warrego—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXX.—Warwick—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXXI.—Westwood—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXXII.—Wide Bay—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXXIII.—Woothakata—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXXIIIA.—The city of Brisbane—Showing Geographical Situation, Division, Area, Ages, Social Condition, Education, Birthplaces, Religion, Habitations, Health, and Occupations at Census Enumeration, 3rd April, 1881

LXXXIV.—Synopsis of results obtained re Chinese and Polynesians, included in Population of foregoing districts

SECTION IV., PART I.—OCCUPATIONS OF THE POPULATION.

LXXXV.—Comparative Table of Occupations, at the Census Enumerations of 1876 and 1881 respectively, and the proportion per cent. to the total Persons and Sexes

LXXXVI.—Occupations of PERSONS, in each Census District, by Classes, Orders, and some of the Sub-orders

LXXXVII.—Occupations of MALES, in each Census District, by Classes, Orders, and some of the Sub-Orders

LXXXVIII.—Occupations of FEMALES, in each Census District, by Classes, Orders, and some of the Sub-Orders

LXXXIX.—Occupations of Males and Females in each District, in Totals of Classes and Orders ; also Totals of Orders in Occupations of Chinese portion of Population

XC.—Occupations of CHINESE by Classes, Orders, and some of the Sub-Orders

XCI.—Occupations of POLYNESIANS by Classes, Orders, and some of the Sub-Orders

XCII.—Classified List of Occupations, used in Compiling the Occupation Tables, Census 1881

XCIII.—Alphabetical Index, Occupations, used in Compiling the Occupation Tables, Census 1881

XCIV.—Occupations of the Population, arranged according to order of Numbers engaged in each Occupation ; also showing Number of each Sex so engaged

XCV.—Occupations arranged in Alphabetical Order, and shewing the Number of Persons , and of each Sex, engaged in each Occupation

XCVI.—Occupations of Chinese and Polynesians, arranged in the Order of Number ; also showing the Number of Persons, and of each Sex, engaged

SECTION V., PART I.—CIVIL OR CONJUGAL CONDITION OF THE POPULATION.

XCVII.—Comparative Table, showing Number of Persons, Males and Females, Unmarried, Married, Widowed, and Unspecified, at Census Enumerations 1861 to 1881 respectively

XCVIII.—Centesimal proportion to the Total Population at each Census Period, 1861 to 1881 respectively ; of Unmarried, Married, Widowed, and those whose Condition was Unspecified ; also the Percentage of Males and Females in the Population

XCIX.—Number, and Ages, of Unmarried, Married, Widowed, and Persons of Unspecified Condition, Census of 1881

C.—Number, and Ages, of Unmarried, Married, Widowed, and Persons of Unspecified Condition, Census of 1881, with Percentage of Males and Females at certain Age Periods in each Condition

CI.—Males and Females Married, Unmarried, Widowed, and whose Condition was not stated, in each Census District, 1881

CII.—Comparative Table of the Civil and Conjugal Condition of the Population at different Age Periods, Census of 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CIII.—Number and Ages of Males MARRIED, Census 1881

CIV.—Number and Ages of Females MARRIED, Census 1881

CV.—Number and Ages of Males UNMARRIED, Census 1881

CVI.—Number and Ages of Females UNMARRIED, Census 1881

CVII.—Number and Ages of Males WIDOWED, Census 1881

CVIII.—Number and Ages of Females WIDOWED, Census 1881

CIX.—Number and Ages of Males, Civil Condition Unspecified, Census 1881

CX.—Number and Ages of Females, Civil Condition Unspecified, Census 1881

CXI.—Civil and Conjugal Condition of the Population at certain Age Periods, inclusive, and also exclusive, of Chinese and Polynesians

SECTION VI., PART I.—AGES OF THE POPULATION.

CXII.—Number of Minors in Population, divided into Children and Youths ; also Number of Adults, divided into Age Periods, 21 years to 50 years, and from 50 to 100 ; also showing those whose Age was not stated

CXIII.—Number of Persons, Males and Females, at each Quinquennial Period of Age up to 60 years, and thence Decennially to 100 years, Census of 1876 and 1881 respectively

CXIV.—Proportion per Cent. of Persons at each Age Period Quinquennially to 60 years, and Decennially to 100 years, Census of 1876 and 1881 respectively

CXV.—Proportion per cent. of Sexes at each Age Period, Quinquennially to 60 years, and Decennially to 100 years, Census of 1876 and 1881 respectively

CXVI.—Ages of PERSONS Enumerated in each Census District, Census of 1881

CXVII.—Ages of MALES Enumerated in each Census District, Census of 1881

CXVIII.—Ages of FEMALES Enumerated in each Census District, Census of 1881

CXIX.—Number, and Age, of Males and Females Enumerated in each Subdivision of Census Districts, 1881

CXX.—Age of Adult Male Population in Electorates by Quinquennial Periods, from 21 years to 60 years, by Decennial Periods from 60 years and upwards, and the Number of Adult Males, inclusive and exclusive of Adult Male Chinese and Polynesians

CXXI.—Number of Chinese and Polynesians at different Age Periods in each Census District

SECTION VII., PART I.—EDUCATION.

CXXII.—Number of Persons of different Degrees of Education at the Census Enumerations, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CXXIII.—Proportion per cent. of Persons of each degree of Education at the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CXXIV.—Degree of Education of the Population at different Ages

CXXV.—Number of Males and Females possessing different Degrees of Education at the Census of 1881, and the Proportion per Cent. that Males and Females of each Degree of Education bear to the Total Number of each Sex, in the several Census Districts

CXXVI.—Number of MALES who CAN READ AND WRITE at different Ages in each Census District

CXXVII.—Number of FEMALES who CAN READ AND WRITE at different Ages in each Census District

CXXVIII.—Number of MALES who CAN READ ONLY at different Ages in each Census District

CXXIX.—Number of FEMALES who CAN READ ONLY at different Ages in each Census District

CXXX.—Number of MALES who CANNOT READ OR WRITE at different Ages in each Census District

CXXXI.—Number of FEMALES who CANNOT READ OR WRITE at different Ages in each Census District

CXXXII.—Number of MALES whose DEGREE OF EDUCATION WAS NOT SPECIFIED at different Ages in each Census District

CXXXIII.—Number of FEMALES whose DEGREE OF EDUCATION WAS NOT SPECIFIED at different Ages in each Census District

CXXXIV.—Centesimal Proportion of Males and Females in each Census District who could Read and Write, could Read only, who could not Read or Write, and whose Degree of Education was not stated, at certain Age Periods

CXXXV.—Number of Persons possessed of each Degree of Education at different Age Periods, inclusive and also exclusive of Chinese and Polynesians

SECTION VIII., PART I.—RELIGION.

CXXXVI.—Comparative Table of Number of Persons belonging to each Religious Denomination at the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively ; also the Numerical and Centesimal increase between each Period

CXXXVII.—Number of Persons, Males and Females, in each Census District, returned as belonging to the several Religious Denominations, Census of 1881

CXXXVIII.—Showing in detail the name of the Sects, included in Table No. CXXXVII, under the headings " Other Christian Sects," and " Other Religions" ; also the Returns included under the heading " No Religion" in that Table

CXXXIX.—Proportion per Cent. that Persons, Males and Females, belonging to each Religious Denomination bear to the Total Population, Persons, Males and Females, at the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CXL.—Names of the Religious Denominations, under which Chinese and Polynesians were returned, Census 1881

SECTION IX., PART I.—BIRTHPLACES.

CXLI.—Comparison of the Number of Persons, Males and Females, Born in the several Countries named in the Table, as returned at the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CXLII.—Birthplaces of the Population as returned, Census of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CXLIII.—The Proportion that Persons, Males and Females, of each Nationality bear to the Total Population (Persons, Males and Females), at the Census Enumerations of 1861, 1864, 1868, 1871, 1876, and 1881 respectively

CXLIV.—Birthplaces of the Population, Males and Females, residing in each Census District, Census of 1881

CXLV.—Showing in detail the Names of Countries included in Table No. CXLIV., under the headings " Other Countries in Europe," " Other Countries in Asia," " Other States in America," and " Other Countries not previously named"

SECTION X., PART I.—SICKNESS AND INFIRMITY.

CXLVI.—The Number of Persons, Males and Females, returned as suffering from Sickness and Accident, Census of 1881

SECTION XI., PART I.—PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

CXLVII.—Summary of Persons, Males and Females, Inmates in the several Public Institutions, at the Census of 1881

CXLVIII.—showing the Public Institutions in each Census District and the Number of Inmates, including Officers and their Families, residing in each Institution, Census of 1881

CXLIX.—The previous Occupations of Prisoners confined in the several Gaols, Reformatories, etc., on 3rd April, 1881

PART II.—APPENDIX.

Index to Contents of Appendix.

PART I.

POPULATION TABLES.

ERRATA

By an error in posting the schedules, not discovered until most of the returns were printed, 11 male criminals in Rome Gaol were included in the general population. See Report, page xxvi., paragraph 225.

Page 192, Table XCVII., heading " Unmarried Females," year 1864.—For " 13,847" read " 13,887."

Page 234, Table CXX., heading " Leichhardt."—Adult male population exclusive of Chinese, etc., under the age " 21 to 25," for " 385" read " 285." This does not affect the total, which is correctly given as 1,948.

Page 257, " CXXXIV., heading " 10 to 15 years."—First line, males read and write, for " 44.64" read " 91.05", males read only, for " 22.68" read " 4.67" ; males cannot read, for " 32.33" read " 3.99" l males unspecified, for " .35" read ".29."

Page 258, Table CXXXV., heading " Read and Write."—Total Polynesians, for " 130" read " 129."